The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) consolidates and codifies the laws related to general exceptions, including protections provided for judicial acts. These exceptions are outlined to ensu...

The concept of "mistake" as a defense in criminal law is based on the principle that a person should not be held criminally liable for actions taken under a genuine and reasonable mis...

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, introduces General Exceptions that provide legal protection in specific situations where an individual may otherwise face criminal liability. These exce...

Theories of PunishmentIn criminal law, the concept of punishment serves multiple purposes, depending on the nature of the crime and societal goals. Theories of punishment help legal systems det...

Group liability is a principle that holds multiple individuals involved in a criminal act accountable, regardless of the individual roles they play. In criminal law, this ensures that people wh...

In criminal law, punishment serves as a deterrent, a means of justice, and a way to reform offenders. Chapter II of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) outlines different kinds of punishmen...

Section 3 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: General ExplanationsSection 3 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 provides general explanations regarding how the entire law should be interpreted...

Section 1 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Territorial Extent, Applicability and OperationsSection 1 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) deals with the short title, commencement, ap...

Types of Punishment under Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 provides a comprehensive list of punishments that can be imp...

The Indian Constitution is a living document, constantly evolving to meet the changing needs and aspirations of its people. Amendments to the Constitution serve as crucial instruments for adapt...

The Indian Constitution, akin to a meticulously crafted blueprint, unfolds its complexity through a series of schedules. These schedules are the hidden gems, delineating the intricate details t...

In the grand narrative of India's constitutional journey, the Constitution stands tall as the guardian of democracy, ensuring citizens' rights in a society aspiring to be free and just. Adopted...

India, a land of diversity woven into the fabric of unity, boasts a constitution as rich and varied as the tapestry of its culture. Crafted with meticulous care and visionary foresight, the Con...

Powers of Directors: Strategic Decision-Making: Directors have the power to make strategic decisions that shape the company's direction, goals, and growth strategies.   Operational Deci...

Appointment of Directors: Nomination and Election: Directors can be nominated or elected based on the company's articles of association, shareholders' agreement, or applicable laws. Nomination m...

The position of directors within a company is a pivotal one, involving various responsibilities, roles, and legal obligations. Directors are entrusted with the management and oversight of the c...

Directors are individuals elected or appointed to oversee the management and operations of a company. They play a vital role in making strategic decisions, providing governance, and ensuring the co...

Transfer of Shares The "Transfer of Shares" refers to the process of transferring ownership of shares from one person or entity (the transferor or seller) to another person or entity...

Certificate of Shares:A "Certificate of Shares" is a physical or electronic document issued by a company to its shareholders as evidence of their ownership of a specific number of sha...

Allotment"Allotment" refers to the process by which a company allocates and assigns shares or securities to individuals or entities who have applied to purchase them. It's a crucial s...

Meaning of Prospectus A prospectus is a formal document issued by a company that provides detailed information about the company's financial condition, business operations, management, and sec...

India is a constitutional democracy, which means that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. This means that all other laws and government actions must be consistent with the Constitu...

In the context of nationhood, names hold significant importance, and this is where the India known as "BHARAT" enters the scene. The decision between 'India' and 'Bharat' as the official name f...

The discussions on increasing women's participation in Indian politics date back to pre-independence times, gaining significant momentum in the 1970s. The concept of women's reservation focuses...

Company law is a complex and multifaceted field, governed by a multitude of rules, principles, and doctrines. Two crucial concepts within this legal realm are Constructive Notice and the Doctri...

The Memorandum of Association (MOA) and the Articles of Association (AOA) are two important documents that play distinct roles in the formation and governance of a company. While they both serv...

The law of sedition was introduced by the British to suppress freedom of speech and expression during the under Section - 124A of IPC, 1860. Many freedom fighters, including Subhas Chandra Bose, Ma...

Why Do We Need Company Law?Company Law serves as a crucial framework that governs the formation, operation, and management of companies. Its significance arises from the following key reason...

Meaning In the context of the Companies Act, 2013, the Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental and essential details of a company. It serves as the co...

Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd. (December 3, 1924) House of Lords, United Kingdom Parties: Appellant: Mr. Leslie Macaura Respondent: Northern Assurance Company Ltd (the insurance co...

Lee v. Lee's Air Farming Ltd. (October 26, 1960) Privy Council of the United Kingdom Parties: Appellant: Mrs. Lee (Eileen Mary Lee) Respondent: Lee's Air Farming Ltd. (the company) Cas...

Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. (November 16, 1896) House of Lords, United Kingdom Parties: Appellant: Mr. Aron Salomon (the founder and majority shareholder) Respondents: Salomon & C...

Certificate of Incorporation and its ConsequencesCompany Formation Information Formation of a Company: Choose a Business Structure: Decide on the type of company structure that best suits your...

Formation of a Company The formation of a company involves the process of legally creating a new business entity that is separate from its owners or shareholders. This process involves several...

Meaning "Lifting the corporate veil" is a legal term that refers to a situation in which the courts or regulatory authorities set aside the legal separation between a company and its...

Corporate Personality Corporate personality, also known as corporate legal personality or legal personality, refers to the legal recognition of a company or corporation as a distinct and separ...

Meaning and Kinds of CompaniesConcept of a CompanyIn the context of Company Law as per the Companies Act of 2013 in India, a "company" refers to a legal entity that is formed and regist...

The true definition of "property" covers a wide range of concepts. Not only does this encompass monetary wealth and other tangible things, but also intangibles like intellectual prope...

How Is The President Of India Elected? On June 9, 2022, the Election Commission of India (ECI) declared that voting for India's next President will take place on July 18, 2022. President Ram Nat...

On June 24, 2022 the United States Supreme Court overturned by a 6:3 majority "Roe v. Wade," the court's landmark 1973 judgement that made abortion a constitutional right. The verd...

Healthcare workers face enormous problems as a result of the rapid advancement of technology and the rising demands of patients. On addition, patients are well-versed in their rights. Disputes ...

Talaq-e-hasan: A recent challenge before SC (Benazeer Heena vs Union of India & Ors) Three types of divorce are permitted under Islamic law. Talaq, in its simplest form, is a divorce granted by...

Since the Mahabharata card games have been a hot-button issue, both officially and illegally. Nowadays, because the law prohibits money transactions depending on fate, the hazards of a game inv...

When it comes to territorial conflicts, Indian-Chinese ties have traditionally made headlines. Chinese troops entered Indian territory unlawfully and attempted to seize the disputed area, which...

"Education is the strongest weapon on which one can rely upon to overcome any obstacle that obstructs one's way to peace and tranquility." In the case of Smt Resham, D/o K Faruk And ...

Batla House is a locality in Delhi's Jamia Nagar, where an encounter between the Delhi police and alleged terrorists took place on September 19, 2008. The terrorists were suspected to be the...

An armed conflict between the states of Assam and Mizoram broke out in August of 2021 over boundary disputes. There were even shots fired by police on both sides throughout the dispute. The Sup...

NAFTA, a security alliance between North America and Europe, was formed in order to safeguard and defend democratic freedoms. Signed on April 4, 1949, the treaty attempted to thwart any further...

Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law". A political organization...

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management: Floods: Ministry of Water Resources, CWC Cyclones: Indian Meteorological Department Earthquakes: Indian Meteorological Department Epidemics: Minist...

Everyone has a way he/she does his/her things and this speaks a lot about the person concerned. Pattern of man's activities makes him expectant and as well predictable by others. In other ...

Globalization is a term and concept that has gained currency in recent decades due to the explosive rise of information technology (IT), which has opened previously unimaginable communication g...

"If we would see our dream of Panchayat Raj, i.e., true democracy realized, we would regard the humblest and lowest Indian as being equally the ruler of India with the tallest in the land....

The Government of India established the Administrative Reforms Commission [1](hereinafter, ARC), which was first presided by Shri Morarji R. Desai, to offer proposals for overhauling the admin...

The famed "Youtube vs. TikTok" discussion among the youth presented a crucial topic about our sensitivity to the "third gender." We may have progressed, but our attitude tow...

"If a count were to be made of the ten topmost lawyers of the world, I have no doubt that Mr. Palkhivala's name would find a prominent place therein"- Justice H.R.Khanna Introduction Nanabhoy...

In today's society, social media has become an indispensable part of our lives; we don't just use it to keep in touch with our friends and family; we don't just use it to share brief glimpses o...

COVID-19 had a significant impact on citizens, trends, and the behaviour of government agencies. The purpose of this article is to provide an outline of the role of public administrators in res...

While in prison for allegedly being engaged in the Bhima Koregaon 2018 case, Dr. Varavar Rao, an 80-year-old Telugu poet, was proven positive for the COVID-19 virus. Since the pandemic was decl...

Do you want to know if daughters have a legal right to inherit property? Or Are the sons' coparceners in the father's ancestral property the same as the sons' coparceners? In India, daughters' ...

Marriage is seen as a sacramental institution in India, and it is founded on the concepts of responsibility and tolerance. These rules have been maintained for decades, and people have seen it ...

What is sexual assault/abuse? Sexual assault or abuse occurs when a person, whether a girl, a boy, a woman, or a man, is forced, pressured, or misled into performing sexual acts that they do n...

Pegasus, a type of malicious software commonly referred to as spyware, was recently discovered to have been used to covertly monitor and spy on a number of public figures in India. Its purpose ...

As the clamour for war grows louder, much conjecture has arisen about how the West will respond to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The majority of suggestions have focused on implementing sanctio...

Chinese Model Of Socialism Of Governance Chinese model of socialism and state government recently become very controversial because of the fact that the Chinese government has been accuse...

The concept of Justice, International Relations, and Politics has seen a lot of Dynamic changes, especially after the 2nd WW. On 24th October 1945, once the United Nations was set up it was pre...

Formation of the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) One of the major formations after the 2nd WW was the formation of a regional power organization known as the NATO (North Atlantic Tre...

Course Curriculum Subject Code: Comparative Health Law (LW 6112) Particular Number of Hours Total Hours Particular Module-I: Difference between Common Law and Civil ...

In Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v/s State Of Maharashtra, (March 2018), the sc observed that the provisions of The Scheduled Castes and The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention Of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (S...

Introduction The concept of Justice, International Relations, and Politics has seen a lot o Dynamic changes, especially after the 2nd WW On 24th October 1945, once the United Nations was s...

Ever since the 2nd WW, the main concern of the International community has been to maintain effective peace and cooperation to effectively regulate disputes between countries. After the 2nd WW...

Facts of the Case: In 1971, India and Pakistan fought a war over the liberation of Bangladesh. (December) Pakistan lost the war. The defeat of 1971 was especially humiliating for West Pakista...

Development of Law at an international levelEver since the earlier times, the law has evolved not as a uniform pattern but through the process of customs, usages, and tradition; the earliest deve...

Development Of Law And Justice World War I During the 1st World War, Britain and its Allies defeated Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey.   The 1st World War went...

The Case Of Adolf EichmannFacts of the Case: During WWII, millions of Jews had been massacred and killed by the German Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler.   Most of these Jews were killed...

The Concept Of Juche Or Kimilsungulism In the 21st century, one legal system which has very strongly come into prominence is the concept of Juche or Kimilsungulism. This system of ideology...

In general terms, Reproductive rights are the rights of individuals to decide whether to reproduce and have reproductive health. This could include the right to start a family, end a pregnancy,...

The term Panchayat literally means an assembly of five elders elected by villagers. Panchayati Raj is a system and process of governance. The term was coined by Jawaharlal Nehru. It is distinct...

Bombay Hawkers' Union vs Bombay Municipal Corporation (3 July 1985) Before: Y.V. Chandrachud, C.J. and A.P. Sen, J. What is Hawkers or what do you mean by Hawking? Hawkers and Vendors have sim...

Right To Life And Personal Liberty Most Constitutions in the world have grown out of colonial conditions. In a colonial government the staple points were arbitrary punishments- imprisonmen...

Right To Education: Art. 21A was brought into the Indian Constitution in 2002 by virtue of the 86th amendment to the Indian Constitution. However, it would amount to folly if we assume that ...

Right Against Arrest And Detention Article 22 of the Constitution guarantees an arrested person the right to be informed of the grounds for arrest. ( Interestingly Draft Art. 15A was neve...

The Origin Of Freedom Of Speech And Expression The freedom of speech and expression largely originated from the land of Greeks in 5th Century BC The English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( the ir...

Equality Before Law The notion of equality before the law maintains that laws should apply equally to all citizens: simply put, no one is above the law. This idea which is also one of the ...

Rights Of The Accused Article. 20 of the Indian Constitution subsumes within itself three important doctrines known as Doctrine of Ex post facto Law, Double jeopardy and prohibition of se...

Star Terms: Words either spoken or written, disaffection against govt, hatred and contempt. Queen-Empress v. Jogendra Chunder Bose and Ors. (1891) Facts : In this case, Jogendra Chunde...

One of the biggest problem today which os being faced by the entire humanity is the problem of terrorism has become much more profound since 1970s One big perennial problem which is bein...

Demand for food has gone up in developing countries with high population growth. It has stabilized in developed countries. Farm technology has greatly improved in developed countries, while it ...

Question: The ideals and idealism of regional hegemony and super-power status since 1991 have been one of bitter rivalries and contested claims. Kindly throw light on this issue, with your own ...

What's Happening? Since the second week of November, there have been continuous protests in Gwadar, Balochistan against the mega development plans of the port city as a part of the China-P...

Cryptocurrency is one of the underlying concepts of block chain technology where end to end transactions remain encrypted and one is not able to know the user when the transaction happens, as w...

Under Section 31(1) of the Competition Act, 2002, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has authorized Adani Green Energy's acquisition of SB Energy Holding. The proposed combination envisi...

In India, Real estate is one of the few industries that has grown at an exponential rate during the last two decades. However, it has lost its popularity due to stagnation and mediocre performa...

What is Hemp?Hemp is a species of cannabis plants. We know its scientific name to be Cannabis Sativa L. We also refer to it as industrial hemp. Industrial hemp is not the same as marijuana pl...

Apps have changed the digital platform in every working area with the aid of computers, mobile phones, and software. For businesses and customers, usage of computers in the creation, transmissi...

Wagering Contract is one in which there are two necessary parties between which the contract has been made and wherein, the first party promises to pay a certain sum of money to the second part...

Main Issues: Whether Section 377 of the IPC violated-Right to Equality guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution Freedom of Speech and Expression under Article 19 Right to Privacy and Ri...

Relevant Sections: Article 19 of the Constitution, Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Telegraph Act, Section 5 as well as the suspension rules appended to this act. Amerada Bhasi...

I think those who have a terminal illness and are in great pain should have the right to choose to end their own life, and those that help them should be free from prosecution. ~ Stephen W...

There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. There is no hope for that family or country whe...