The idea that our genetic material contains Junk DNA is fading. Many DNA segments that were previously believed to be worthless now have important functions, according to recent studies. These ...

This paper provides a detailed analysis of Sections 238 and 61(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), focusing on the implications of tampering with evidence or providing false informat...

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) represents a pivotal legislative development in Indian law, serving as a comprehensive update to the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. This new Act modern...

While DNA evidence has revolutionized criminal investigations, its presence in legal cases becomes problematic when the DNA of non-accused individuals is detected at crime scenes. This essay ex...

Section 64A of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985 provides immunity from prosecution for drug users charged under Section 27 or involved in minor drug offences, a...

This critical analysis investigates the dependability of firearms expert reports, which are admissible in evidence under Section 39(1) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, in criminal inve...

Under Trial Prisoners (UTPs), who account for approximately 75-80% of India's prison population, face prolonged periods of detention largely due to systemic delays within the judicial framework...

Fingerprint evidence has long been seen as a cornerstone of forensic science, valued for its unique traits and reliability. However, some wrongful conviction cases reveal significant flaws in h...

Postmortem reports play a vital role in forensic pathology, providing essential information about the causes of death needed for legal investigations. However, several factors undermine the qua...

DNA evidence is widely regarded as the "gold standard" in forensic science because of its capacity to accurately identify individuals and exonerate the innocent. However, several fact...

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 was enacted on December 25, 2023, to supplant the Indian Penal Code of 1860, marking a significant reform in India's criminal justice system. This legislation,...

The Indian legal system faces numerous challenges that impact nearly every court across the nation. Key issues include a heavy caseload coupled with inadequate court facilities, personnel, and ...

This study highlights the vital function of police officers involved in criminal investigations in maintaining the integrity of Indian society through effective law enforcement and fair justice...

The safety of high-profile individuals is a global priority. This article delves into the complex world of VIP security, examining the critical role and shortcomings of the Special Protection G...

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) replacing the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA) introduces several new provisions that create challenges for courts, prisons, and police, impacting the...

Protecting the anonymity of rape victims is crucial for upholding their dignity and mental health. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), explicitly forbids revealing information that identif...

This article, titled "Media Trial: Balancing Press Freedom and the Right to a Fair Trial," explores the complications arising from media trials, where intense and often exaggerated me...

This paper examines the intricacies associated with eyewitness testimony in legal settings, emphasizing its crucial role as evidence while also addressing its fundamental limitations. An eyewit...

Prisons encounter numerous challenges stemming from systemic, social, and administrative shortcomings. Overcrowding stands out as a significant problem, with facilities operating well beyond th...

Conciliation and litigation represent two alternative methods of resolving disputes, each with its own particular advantages and disadvantages. Understanding the relationship between these two ...

The use of social media as a tool for manipulation poses significant challenges worldwide, affecting public sentiment, intensifying divisions, and endangering democratic systems. This article i...

Women's correctional facilities are integral to the criminal justice system, creating supportive environments that cater to the unique circumstances of female offenders. These specialized insti...

The term 'character' encompasses both a person's reputation and their behavior. Nevertheless, one can only provide evidence of an individual's overall reputation and general behavior, rather th...

National security is a complex concept shaped by numerous factors, including diplomacy, economics, and military strength. Among these, the infrastructure along international borders plays a cru...

Election-related offences include bribery, exerting improper influence, impersonating voters, inciting animosity between groups, spreading misleading information to manipulate election outcomes...

Hate speech encompasses any form of communication - spoken, written, or behavioural - that belittles, shames, or provokes violence or discrimination against individuals or groups based on chara...

Confronting substance use among prisoners is a complicated and multifaceted challenge. A substantial portion of the prison population grapples with substance use disorders, making it essential ...

The right to vote is a core element of democracy, allowing individuals to engage in governance. Nevertheless, marginalized communities, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds and minor...

Vexatious litigation refers to legal proceedings initiated with malicious intent and lacking reasonable justification, typically aimed at harassing or undermining an opponent. This type of liti...

Crimes that are subject to the death penalty encompass a range of serious offences, typically including heinous acts such as murder, particularly in cases of aggravated or premeditated killing,...

The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) is a pivotal legislation in India, focused on the regulation of the manufacture, sale, and consumption of tobacco products. Introduced in 2...

Community policing in tribal regions is essential for connecting law enforcement with indigenous communities, acknowledging their unique cultural, social, and economic contexts. This approach f...

A miscarriage refers to the unintentional end of a pregnancy before the 20th week, frequently linked to chromosomal anomalies, though it can also stem from various factors such as health compli...

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) serves as the official criminal code for the Republic of India, marking a significant update to the country's legal framework. This new code officially t...

The gig economy has swiftly become a prominent aspect of today's labour market, reshaping how individuals work and how businesses function. Defined by short-term contracts, freelancing, and ada...

Australia's employment law framework is experiencing major changes in 2024, driven by the implementation of new regulations aimed at addressing the shifting dynamics of work in a contemporary e...

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), has been introduced as a replacement for the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) of 1973, signifying a major reform in India’s criminal justi...

Cybersquatting, often referred to as domain squatting, is the act of registering, selling, or utilizing domain names that closely resemble or are identical to the trademarks or brand names of e...

The Lanham Act, officially referred to as the Trademark Act of 1946, serves as a cornerstone of trademark law in the United States. Instituted on July 5, 1946, the act is named after Texas Repr...

Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR), also referred to as Non-trial Resolutions or extrajudicial settlements, encompass various methods utilized to settle legal disputes without resorting to t...

Elaborating on the significance of force majeure clauses, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, offers a deeper insight into their function within contract law and risk management...

The doctrine of forum non conveniens is a concept in private international law that permits a court with the authority to hear a case to dismiss it if a more suitable forum exists. This princip...

Common Law and Civil Law represent the two foremost legal systems globally. They exhibit significant differences in their foundational principles, sources of law, procedures, and methods of ach...

Globalization has profoundly altered the legal landscape, bringing nations, corporations, and individuals into unprecedented proximity. This increased interconnectedness has led to a surge in c...

The key provisions of the Waqf Act 1995 as amended in 2013 may be summarised as follows: The definition of "encroacher" has been expanded to include public and private institutions, as well a...

The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, is a notable legislative measure in India aimed at preserving communal harmony by addressing delicate matters related to the status of reli...

Contemporary contract law has developed to address the intricacies of ongoing business relationships that cannot be thoroughly encapsulated in conventional, one-time contracts. These enduring r...

The contemporary landscape of contract law is increasingly influenced by a dedication to consumer protection, particularly regarding unfair contract terms. This shift illustrates a wider societ...

Smart contracts and blockchain technology have brought about significant changes to conventional contract law, providing a more secure, efficient, and transparent method for executing agreement...

Section 83 of the Waqf Act, 1995 addresses the formation of the Waqf Tribunal. The provisions of this Section are as follows: The State Government shall establish, through a notification ...

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a vital element of contemporary business practices, shaping corporate policies as well as the legal frameworks that govern business conduct....

Globalization has significantly impacted contract law, influencing how businesses and individuals conduct cross-border transactions. As the world becomes more interconnected, companies are exte...

Waqf-alal-aulad:In Islamic law, waqf refers to an endowment of property for religious or charitable purposes. Once designated as waqf, the property is non-transferable and cannot be sold, inher...

The case of Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) stands as a landmark ruling from the Supreme Court of India that profoundly influenced the admissibility of electronic ...

The Latin legal maxim "Impotentia excusat legem" translates to "inability excuses from the law." This principle asserts that individuals cannot be held liable for not fulfil...

The doctrine of force majeure is a legal principle that allows parties to a contract to be excused from fulfilling their obligations when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond their con...

"Lex non cogit ad impossibilia" is a Latin legal principle that means "the law does not compel the impossible." This concept is fundamental in legal systems globally, acting...

Waqf is a significant Islamic institution wherein properties are dedicated by individuals or entities for religious, charitable, or pious purposes, ensuring that these assets are held indefinit...

The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 purportedly proposes to eliminate the acknowledgment of 'waqf by user' in order to streamline the legal framework and guarantee that all waqf properties are offi...

Deposit Scheme:A deposit scheme is a financial arrangement whereby a person or entity gathers money from the public, generally with the commitment to return the funds after a designated period,...

The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) of 1981 is a pivotal law in India aimed at guaranteeing the seamless provision of essential services that are vital for public welfare and the effe...

Open jails primarily aim at rehabilitating and reintegrating inmates into society, offering enhanced freedom and employment opportunities. They not only help reduce recidivism, mental health pr...

Section 183 BNSS deals with the recording of confessions of an accused person and statements of an accused person or a victim of rape or gang rape or acid attack etc. made to a Judicial Magistr...

The phrase "The best way to keep a prisoner from escaping is to make sure he never knows he's in prison" conveys a significant notion regarding control, perception, and the essence of...

A mercy petition is a formal appeal submitted by individuals facing death sentences or imprisonment, requesting clemency from the President or Governor, depending on the jurisdiction. This prac...

Secondary evidence pertains to duplicates or alternatives of original documents that are not accessible. This encompasses certified copies, photocopies, and verbal descriptions of document info...

Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act (IEA) was a significant amendment to the historic Indian Evidence Act of 1872, introduced following the Information Technology Act 2000, which came into e...

A summons is an official legal document issued by a Court that informs an individual or organization about a legal action or proceeding that concerns them. It generally contains details about t...

According to Section 57 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, Primary Evidence consists of original documents or materials that are directly submitted in court. Section 62 of the Indian Evi...

In April 2024, the Swedish parliament approved a law that decreases the minimum age for legally changing one's gender from 18 to 16 and facilitates access to surgical procedures. The measure...

Strip searches in correctional facilities are a controversial topic, involving a variety of legal, ethical, and practical issues. These searches usually entail the removal of clothing and, at t...

Singapore law is characterized by its robust legal system, which draws from a combination of common law, statutes, and regulations. The legal framework is known for its stability, predictabilit...

Section 2(1) (e) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 corresponds to Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.Under the new definition of "evidence" in Section 2(1) (e) of the Bharatiya S...

As per Section 2(d) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the term "document" refers to any matter that is expressed, described, or otherwise recorded on any material using letter...

Section 1 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 aligns with Section 1 of the previously repealed Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023-Section 1: This legislation s...

The motivations for citizens rising up against a democratically elected government, which could lead to its collapse, vary greatly depending on the unique circumstances and context of each situ...

Summary trials, as outlined in Sections 283 to 288 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), are structured to provide a brief and expedited trial process for specific categories of off...

In a notable advancement, the term 'terrorist act' has been formally criminalized within the general criminal statute Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, thereby broadening the legal framework addre...

On August 1, 2024, Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich, along with two other Americans, was released from Russia as part of a prisoner swap. The exchange included a total of 24 indivi...

During my time as Deputy Commissioner of Police for the 5th Battalion of the Kolkata Armed Police from 2012 to 2015, I faced a variety of challenges and responsibilities. Among these experience...

Ensuring the well-being and effectiveness of police personnel is crucial amid numerous challenges. Extended periods away from loved ones, especially in dangerous or remote locations, pose perso...

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) has taken the place of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 with effect from 1st July, 2024, with the registration of a cognizable offence now...

The BNS has introduced Section 353, an essential measure in the battle against misinformation. This new provision penalizes the deliberate creation, distribution, or publication of inaccurate i...

Parole is a mechanism enabling the temporary or permanent release of prisoners before they have finished serving their sentences, typically under certain stipulations. In India, this option is ...

Ex Home Minister of Britain Lord Waddington's remarks bring attention to a significant concern within the criminal justice system: the ineffectiveness and expense associated with conventional i...

When a person in official custody of prison passes away, it is called death in prison. The death may be natural or unnatural and caused inside the prisoner or outside in hospital or during tran...

On March 11, 2020, in course of my incumbency as Special Inspector General of Correctional Services, West Bengal, a visit to the Baruipur Central Jail (Jails & Prisons are called Correction...

Section 105 of the BNSS - Documenting Search and Seizure via Audio-Video Electronic Methods:When carrying out a search of a location or seizing any property, item, or object under this Section ...

Section 40 of The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) addresses the arrest by private individuals and the related procedures. A private individual may arrest or arrange for the arre...

The State Government according to Section 20 (1) of the BNSS has the authority to establish: A Directorate of Prosecution within the State, comprising a Director of Prosecution and an appropri...

Germany's cannabis laws are undergoing substantial revisions, with the parliament approving recreational cannabis use. This decision embodies a shift in drug policy, but it is not yet complete ...

Vaping regulations in Australia are set for a major revision, with new measures taking effect on July 1, 2024, as the government addresses what it refers to as "the largest loophole in Aus...

Section 51 (1) of the BNSS (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) pertains to the examination of an accused individual by a medical practitioner upon the request of a police officer. It ...

Plea bargaining is a legal process where an accused individual in a criminal case consent to plead guilty to a lesser charge or accepts a reduced sentence in return for certain concessions from...

Malicious prosecution, arising from initiating legal action without probable cause and malicious intent, involves the wrongful abuse of legal processes. This grave accusation signifies the infl...

Malware: This refers to malicious software designed to cause harm to your computer systems or data. It can range from disrupting your system's functionality to stealing sensitive information. ...

Mobile forensics involves a range of techniques and concepts used to extract and analyze data from mobile devices. Here's a breakdown of key terms: Device Identification: IMEI (I...

Under Section 180 (1) BNSS (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita), during an investigation of a case, any police officer or, upon their request, any police officer of a rank specified by the Stat...

Canary tokens, named after the 'canary in a coal mine' which warned miners of dangerous gases, are cybersecurity tools designed to detect unauthorized access or breaches. They function as tripw...

Bail provisions are contained in Sections 478 to 496 in the BNSS, 2023. In CrPC, these were enshrined in Sections 436 to 450 CrPC. Bail, Bail Bond and Bond have been defined in the BNSS:In S...