The interplay between copyright and design law in India has long been a fertile ground for legal disputes, particularly when artistic works and industrial designs converge. The Supreme Court of India's judgment in Cryogas Equipment Private Limited v. Inox India Limited, delivered on April 15, 2025, marks a pivotal moment in clarifying this complex intersection.

This case, arising from a dispute over the alleged infringement of proprietary engineering drawings and literary works related to cryogenic semi-trailers, addresses the critical question of whether such works are protected under the Copyright Act, 1957, or fall within the ambit of the Designs Act, 2000. By establishing a definitive two-pronged test to distinguish between artistic works and designs, the Supreme Court not only resolves the immediate conflict between Inox India Limited and appellants Cryogas Equipment Private Limited and LNG Express India Private Limited but also sets a robust precedent for harmonizing the Copyright Act and Designs Act.

This case study delves into the factual and procedural intricacies, the legal issues, the parties’ arguments, the judicial reasoning, and the broader implications of the judgment, offering a comprehensive analysis of a landmark decision in Indian intellectual property (IP) law.

Detailed Factual Background
The dispute centers on Inox India Limited (Inox), a company engaged in designing and manufacturing cryogenic storage tanks and distribution systems mounted on trailers and semi-trailers for transporting industrial gases, including liquefied natural gas (LNG). Inox claimed proprietary rights over two distinct types of IP: (i) Proprietary Engineering Drawings, which are technical drawings for LNG semi-trailers tailored for Indian roads, and (ii) Literary Works, comprising details, processes, descriptions, and narrations created by Inox employees to develop these drawings.

These IPs were allegedly developed to meet specific technical and regulatory requirements for cryogenic semi-trailers. On September 24, 2018, Inox filed Trademark Suit No. 3/2019 before the 4th Additional District Judge at Vadodara (Commercial Court) against Cryogas Equipment Private Limited (Cryogas), LNG Express India Private Limited (LNG Express), and others, alleging that the defendants had infringed its copyrights by using these Proprietary Engineering Drawings and Literary Works without authorization.

Inox sought multiple reliefs: a declaration of infringement, a permanent injunction to restrain the defendants from using or reproducing similar drawings or works, an injunction against using associated IP or know-how, an order to surrender infringing materials for destruction, and damages of ₹2 crores. Additionally, Inox filed an application under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), seeking an ad interim injunction to prevent further infringement during the suit’s pendency.

The defendants, Cryogas and LNG Express, countered by alleging that Inox’s Proprietary Engineering Drawings constituted a “design” under Section 2(d) of the Designs Act, 2000, and were thus ineligible for copyright protection under Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act, 1957, due to their industrial application exceeding fifty reproductions. This factual matrix set the stage for a legal battle that would test the boundaries of IP protection in India.

Detailed Procedural Background
The procedural journey of this case reflects a protracted legal tussle across multiple judicial forums. Inox initiated Trademark Suit No. 3/2019 before the Commercial Court on September 24, 2018, accompanied by an application for an ad interim injunction. LNG Express responded by filing an application under Order VII Rule 11 of the CPC, seeking rejection of the plaint on the grounds that the suit was not maintainable under Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act. On April 1, 2022, the Commercial Court allowed LNG Express’s application, rejecting Inox’s plaint and dismissing its injunction application, reasoning that the Proprietary Engineering Drawings were designs under the Designs Act and thus unprotected by copyright law due to industrial reproduction exceeding fifty times.

Inox appealed to the High Court of Gujarat, which, on March 13, 2024, set aside the Commercial Court’s order, remanding the matter for fresh consideration and restoring the suit to its original number. The High Court directed the Commercial Court to adjudicate the pending applications concurrently, issuing separate orders. On May 3, 2024, the Commercial Court, upon reconsideration, reiterated its earlier stance, allowing LNG Express’s application under Order VII Rule 11 and dismissing Inox’s injunction application.

Inox again appealed to the High Court, which, via its impugned judgment on October 22, 2024, set aside the Commercial Court’s orders, rejected LNG Express’s application, restored the suit, and reinstated Inox’s interim injunction application, directing its expeditious adjudication within eight weeks. Aggrieved, Cryogas and LNG Express filed Civil Appeals before the Supreme Court, arising from Special Leave Petitions (C.) Nos. 28062/2024 and 28017/2024. The Supreme Court, after reserving judgment on January 29, 2025, permitted the Commercial Court to hear the interim application but directed it to hold the final order in abeyance. The Supreme Court’s final judgment on April 15, 2025, dismissed the appeals, upholding the High Court’s decision and issuing directions for the Commercial Court to proceed with the trial and interim application.

Issues Involved in the Case
The case presented two core issues for adjudication. First, what are the parameters for determining whether a work or article falls within the limitation set out in Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act, thereby classifying it as a “design” under Section 2(d) of the Designs Act? This issue required the court to delineate the boundaries between artistic works protected under the Copyright Act and designs governed by the Designs Act, particularly in the context of industrial application.

Second, did the High Court err in setting aside the Commercial Court’s order, which allowed LNG Express’s application under Order VII Rule 11 of the CPC, thereby rejecting the plaint? This issue necessitated an examination of whether the Commercial Court’s dismissal of the suit at the threshold was justified, given the mixed questions of law and fact involved in determining the nature of Inox’s Proprietary Engineering Drawings and Literary Works.

Detailed Submission of Parties
The appellants, Cryogas and LNG Express argued that the High Court erred in overturning the Commercial Court’s order. They contended that Inox’s Proprietary Engineering Drawings were designs under Section 2(d) of the Designs Act, as they were capable of registration and had been industrially reproduced more than fifty times, triggering the bar under Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act. They asserted that Inox’s claim of ₹122 crores in revenue implied large-scale production of semi-trailers, exceeding the fifty-reproduction threshold. The appellants argued that the drawings’ purpose was industrial, not artistic, and that Inox’s failure to register them under the Designs Act extinguished any copyright protection.

They further contended that the drawings adhered to international standards (e.g., ASME, PED) and Indian regulations, limiting their originality and aesthetic appeal. The appellants dismissed Inox’s claim of visual appeal, arguing that the drawings, even if covering external components, were functional and registrable under Class 12-10 of the Designs Act. They also challenged Inox’s claims of confidential information theft, asserting that the plaint lacked specific prayers and that such claims were outside the Commercial Court’s jurisdiction. Citing Shri Mukund Bhavan Trust v. Shrimant Chhatrapati Udayan Raje Pratapsinh Bhonsle (2024 SCC OnLine SC 3844), they argued that Inox’s evasive drafting could not create a valid cause of action.

Inox countered that the suit involved two distinct copyrights: the Proprietary Engineering Drawings and the Literary Works, each requiring independent assessment. They argued that the drawings were artistic works under Section 2(c) of the Copyright Act, as they depicted internal components of cryogenic containers, lacking the visual appeal required for a design under Section 2(d) of the Designs Act. Inox contended that Section 15(2) did not apply, as the drawings were neither registered nor capable of registration under the Designs Act, falling under the exception for “modes or principles of construction” or “mere mechanical devices.”

They emphasized that the Literary Works, comprising processes and descriptions, were not subject to Section 15(2) and were wrongly conflated with the drawings by the Commercial Court. Inox also asserted that the theft of confidential information constituted a separate claim, actionable under common law and not barred by Section 15(2). They argued that determining the drawings’ registrability under the Designs Act involved mixed questions of law and fact, unsuitable for resolution under Order VII Rule 11. Inox supported its claims with evidence from a Local Commissioner’s Report (September 26, 2018), which found proprietary materials at the defendants’ premises, substantiating unauthorized use.

Detailed Discussion on Judgments Cited by Parties and Their Context
The Supreme Court and the parties relied on several precedents to navigate the copyright-design interface, each contributing to the legal framework.

• Microfibres Inc v. Girdhar, 2006 SCC OnLine Del 60: Cited by Inox and the High Court, this Delhi High Court decision involved a dispute over upholstery fabric patterns. The court held that the plaintiff’s drawings, intended for industrial use, were designs under the Designs Act, not artistic works under the Copyright Act, due to their commercial purpose and lack of independent artistic existence. The court emphasized the shorter protection period under the Designs Act compared to the Copyright Act, reflecting legislative intent to limit copyright protection for industrially applied works. In the present case, Inox used this precedent to argue that the Proprietary Engineering Drawings were artistic works, while the appellants cited it to assert their design status due to industrial application.
   
• Microfibres Inc v. Girdhar and Co, 2009 SCC OnLine Del 1647 (Microfibres II): An appeal from the above decision, this Delhi High Court Division Bench ruling was heavily relied upon by the High Court and Inox. The court clarified that artistic works under Section 2(c) of the Copyright Act have a broad scope, including abstract drawings, but lose copyright protection under Section 15(2) if industrially applied beyond fifty reproductions without design registration. It emphasized that original artistic works retain copyright protection, but designs derived for industrial use are governed by the Designs Act. Inox leveraged this to argue that its drawings were artistic works, while the appellants used it to highlight the industrial application bar.
   
• Dart Industries Inc v. Techno Plast, 2007 SCC OnLine Del 892: Cited by the appellants, this Delhi High Court case involved Tupperware products. The court held that copyright protection ceases once a design is registered under the Designs Act or industrially reproduced beyond fifty times, as per Section 15. The appellants used this to argue that Inox’s drawings, if industrially applied, lost copyright protection, while Inox distinguished it, noting its drawings were unregistered and not necessarily designs.
   
• Mattel, Inc v. Jayant Agarwalla, 2008 SCC OnLine Del 1059: Cited by the appellants, this Delhi High Court case concerned the board game Scrabble. The court denied copyright protection for the game board, a three-dimensional article reproduced over fifty times without design registration, following Microfibres I. The appellants argued that Inox’s semi-trailers, similarly reproduced, were ineligible for copyright protection, while Inox contended that its two-dimensional drawings were distinct artistic works.
   
• Bharat Glass Tube Ltd v. Gopal Glass Works Ltd, (2008) 10 SCC 657: Referenced by the Supreme Court, this case clarified the Designs Act’s purpose of protecting original designs for a limited period (ten years) to reward innovation. The court noted that designs must be new, original, and unpublished to be registrable. The Supreme Court used this to underscore the Designs Act’s focus on commercial exploitation, contrasting it with the Copyright Act’s broader protection for artistic works.
   
• Smithkline Beecham Plc v. Hindustan Lever Ltd, 1999 SCC OnLine Del 965: Cited by the Supreme Court, this Delhi High Court case applied the functional utility test to deny design protection for a toothbrush’s S-shaped design, deemed primarily functional. The court used this to emphasize that functional works are excluded from design protection, supporting Inox’s argument that its drawings lacked aesthetic appeal.
   
• Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd v. Standard Combines Pvt. Ltd, 2012 SCC OnLine Mad 5470: Referenced by the Supreme Court, this Madras High Court case applied the functional utility test to a tractor design dispute, holding that the plaint could not be rejected at the threshold due to unresolved questions about functionality versus aesthetics. The court used this to support the need for a trial in the present case.
   
• Standard Corporation India Ltd v. Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd, 2014 SCC OnLine Mad 850: A Division Bench reaffirmation of the above, cited by the Supreme Court to reinforce the functional utility test’s application in distinguishing designs from artistic works.
   
• Mohan Lal v. Sona Paint and Hardwares, 2013 SCC OnLine Del 1980: Cited by the Supreme Court, this Delhi High Court Full Bench decision reaffirmed Smithkline, applying the functional utility test to mirror frames, though primarily addressing passing off claims. It supported the court’s focus on functionality.
   
• Whirlpool of India Ltd v. Videocon Industries Ltd, 2014 SCC OnLine Bom 565: Cited by the Supreme Court, this Bombay High Court case noted that functionality does not preclude design protection if alternative shapes can perform the same function, aiding the court’s analysis of aesthetic versus functional features.
   
• Photoquip India Ltd v. Delhi Photo Store, 2014 SCC OnLine Bom 1088: Referenced by the Supreme Court, this Bombay High Court case adopted a conjunctive approach, interpreting Section 15(2) alongside functional utility. The court held that functional drawings were not designs but could be artistic works, supporting Inox’s claim.
   
• Pranda Jewelry Pvt. Ltd v. Aarya 24 KT, 2015 SCC OnLine Bom 958: Cited by the Supreme Court, this Bombay High Court case followed Microfibres II, reinforcing the distinction between artistic works and designs.
   
• Fun World and Resorts (India) Pvt. Ltd v. Nimil KK, 2020 SCC OnLine Ker 219: Referenced by the Supreme Court, this Kerala High Court case aligned with Microfibres II, affirming the copyright-design distinction.
   
• TTK Prestige Ltd v. KCM Appliances Pvt. Ltd, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2129: Cited by the Supreme Court, this recent Delhi High Court case reaffirmed the functional utility test’s relevance in design disputes.
   
• Amp v. Utilux, [1972] RPC 103: Cited by the Supreme Court, this House of Lords decision introduced the functional utility test, distinguishing aesthetically appealing designs from purely functional ones, influencing Indian jurisprudence.
   
• Interlego A.G v. Tyco Industries Inc, [1988] UKPC 3: Referenced by the Supreme Court, this Privy Council decision applied the functional utility test, reinforcing the aesthetic-functional distinction.
   
• Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 74 S. Ct. 460, 98 L. Ed. 630 (1954): Cited by the Supreme Court, this U.S. Supreme Court case introduced conceptual separability, allowing copyright protection for artistic features separable from utilitarian functions, paralleling India’s functional utility test.
   
• Esquire, Inc v. Ringer, 591 F.2d 796 (D.C. Cir. 1978): Referenced by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case clarified that utilitarian designs are ineligible for copyright, supporting the functional utility approach.
   
• Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Inc, 632 F.2d 989 (2d Cir. 1980): Cited by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case introduced a primary-subsidiary approach to conceptual separability, emphasizing artistic dominance.
   
• Carol Barnhart Inc v. Economy Cover Corp, 773 F.2d 411 (2d Cir. 1985): Referenced by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case refined conceptual separability, requiring artistic features to be non-essential to function.
   
• Brandir International, Inc v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co, 834 F.2d 1142 (2d Cir. 1987): Cited by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case emphasized artistic expression uninhibited by functional considerations.
   
• Pivot Point Int’l, Inc v. Charlene Prods, Inc, 372 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2004): Referenced by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case reinforced the need to exclude industrial designs from copyright protection.
   
• Galiano v. Harrah’s Operating Co, 416 F.3d 411 (5th Cir. 2005): Cited by the Supreme Court, this U.S. case introduced the marketability approach to conceptual separability, focusing on aesthetic marketability.
   
• Star Athletica, L.L.C v. Varsity Brands, Inc, 137 S. Ct. 1002, 197 L. Ed. 2d 354 (2017): Referenced by the Supreme Court, this U.S. Supreme Court case established a clear test for copyright protection of design features, requiring separability and independent artistic value, harmonizing U.S. law and influencing the Indian approach.
   
• Shri Mukund Bhavan Trust v. Shrimant Chhatrapati Udayan Raje Pratapsinh Bhonsle, (2024) SCC OnLine SC 3844: Cited by the appellants, this Supreme Court case was used to argue that evasive drafting cannot create a cause of action, though the court did not extensively engage with it.

Detailed Reasoning and Analysis of Judge
The Supreme Court adopted a comprehensive approach to resolve the dispute, focusing on the interplay between the Copyright Act and Designs Act. The court framed two issues: the parameters for classifying a work under Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act as a design, and the propriety of the High Court’s rejection of the Order VII Rule 11 application. On the first issue, the court conducted a three-part analysis: examining India’s IP statutory framework, evaluating global jurisprudence, and formulating a definitive test.

The court noted that the Copyright Act protects artistic works under Section 2(c), including drawings, while the Designs Act under Section 2(d) protects visually appealing features applied industrially, excluding functional devices. Section 15(2) limits copyright protection for unregistered designs reproduced over fifty times industrially, creating a potential overlap.

The court reviewed Indian precedents like Microfibres I and II, which distinguished artistic works from designs based on industrial intent and functional utility, and English cases like Amp v. Utilux, which introduced the functional utility test. U.S. cases, particularly Star Athletica, provided the conceptual separability standard, aligning with India’s approach. International treaties like TRIPS reinforced the functional utility test but left harmonization to national laws.

The court formulated a two-pronged test to determine protection: (i) assess whether the work is a purely artistic work under the Copyright Act or a design derived from it and industrially applied, per Section 15(2); (ii) if not copyrightable, apply the functional utility test to determine if the work’s dominant purpose is aesthetic or functional, qualifying it for design protection. This test ensures harmony between the statutes, protecting artistic works while regulating industrial designs. On the second issue, the court upheld the High Court’s rejection of the Order VII Rule 11 application, finding that the Commercial Court erred in summarily dismissing the suit. The court held that determining the drawings’ nature involved mixed questions of law and fact, requiring a trial.

The Commercial Court’s assumption that the drawings were designs ignored their potential artistic status and the separate claims for Literary Works and confidential information. Citing Microfibres II, the court emphasized the broad scope of artistic works and the need for detailed inquiry. The court directed the Commercial Court to apply the two-pronged test and independently assess all claims, ensuring a comprehensive resolution.

Final Decision
The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals, upholding the High Court’s decision to reject the Order VII Rule 11 application. It directed the Commercial Court to decide Inox’s interim injunction application within two months and conduct a trial within one year, applying the two-pronged test to ascertain the Proprietary Engineering Drawings’ nature and addressing other IP claims.

Law Settled in This Case
The judgment establishes a clear framework for distinguishing artistic works under the Copyright Act from designs under the Designs Act. It introduces a two-pronged test: first, determining if a work is a purely artistic work or a design derived from it and industrially applied; second, applying the functional utility test to assess aesthetic versus functional dominance for design protection.

This harmonizes the Copyright Act and Designs Act, ensuring that artistic works retain copyright protection unless industrially applied beyond fifty reproductions without design registration, while designs are governed by the Designs Act’s shorter protection period. The decision clarifies that such determinations involve mixed questions of law and fact, precluding summary dismissal under Order VII Rule 11, and reinforces the judiciary’s role in balancing IP rights with commercial realities.

Case Title: Cryogas Equipment Private Limited Vs. Inox India Limited and Others
Date of Order: April 15, 2025
Case No.: Special Leave Petition (C.) No. 28062 / 2024
Neutral Citation: 2025 INSC 483
Name of Court: Supreme Court of India
Name of Judges: Hon'ble Justices Surya Kant, Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh

Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor - Patent and Trademark Attorney
Email: ajayamitabhsuman@gmail.com, Ph no: 9990389539