John Austin (1790-1859) was a lawyer who, by his analytical approach to law-making and legal positivism theory, developed Legal Systems worldwide. The reader need not be concerned with such heavy sentences, since they will be covered in the next chapters. His concept of "law as a command" was already in the promotion of his philosophy of "legal positivism." He was greeted as 'The Father of English Jurisprudence' because of his works.

Elaborate concept of analytical approach to jurisprudence?
Analysis" breaks a dilemma into smaller issues, so that they can be independently resolved. A general approach to analysis is a process by which a large subject in order to address the challenges, perform studs or fix uncertainties is narrowed down to specific subjects and subtopics. In the Analytical Approach by Austin, he is committed to accurately and thoroughly interpreting fundamental legal theories.

He wishes to remove any external interference because, regardless of his 'good' or 'religious worthiness,' he is entirely entitled to enter the first rules of the constitution, as he is. This method leads to the lecture of Laws such as Laws or Postum, which Austin proposed in his Theory of Legal Positivism, and not the perfect law. From now on we have a good understanding of the theoretical method of Austin that brings us the principle of juridical positivity.

Positive legislation is essentially human law. The Acts of Parliament or the laws and policies of the human entity shall be used. Positive law is described by Black's Law dictionary as "real and expressly enforced law for an organized society government or adopted by proper authority." That is mostly how Austin encapsulates his idea of law, which constitutes for him inherently positive laws.

What Austin mean by the term 'LAW'[1]
"Law is the aggregate of rules set by men as politically superior, or sovereign, to men as politically subject."

In other words, he says, laws are man-made rules by sovereign imposed upon the society it governs. He equates a law to a "command" by a body which is politically higher.

Thus we have following essentials:

1. Sovereign, which makes a
2. Command, which imposes a
3. Duty, which IF NOT followed calls for
4. Legal sanction.

Sovereign[2]
Each political institution has, according to Austin, a sovereign force which people in society usually obey. Just a single individual or party may be a ruler of society. It is the only source of authority and author of legislation, and therefore its power cannot be limited by statute and "de jure." There can also be "de facto" and physical limitations as there are functional restrictions to the degree of the arbitrary power of the orders and their compliance.

A popular De Lolme quote is a good example: 'The British parliament should do something more than turn a woman into a male and a man into a woman.'

Physical limitations are the only restrictions of sovereign power. If you read an actual case, it applies to legislation, laws or parallel entity which the citizens must comply with, irrespective of what the Statute is.[3]

Command
It is often referred to as 'command theory' or 'imperative law theory.' "Imperative Law is a rule that prescribes a general plan of action by a jurisdiction which, either by the physical force or some other means of coercion, implements it through superior power

Duty
The order imposes a "legal obligation" on those legally subject to the sovereign "commander." Each task involves a sovereign order to establish the sovereign.

Legal sanction
This sovereign has the right to punish or penalize for failure to observe rules. It is inferred by theory. This sentence is considered a legal sanction. This penalty is levied. The fear of judicial punishment is the motivation for self-compliance, which is a malicious result in the event of disobedience.

How is it helpful to us?
Analytical Jurisprudence takes for account that the history and evolution of the legal system are separate from all external considerations and is concerned in terms of fundamental principles such as the legal system. It saves the reader from outdated facts that could confuse his opinion.

The report provides a systemic account of real legal and merely legal evidence. The first task is to develop a system to carry out the research. The legislation is then broken down to pieces, each of which is explained separately. The exact sense of the statute is determined by having them separate from religious considerations, ethics and justice.

The method also contributes to the development of a more lucid and fundamental partnership between various or more ideas.

It is also praised for the fact that this approach brings precise, simple and clear legal ideas. The vocabulary is straightforward, definitive and scientific. He deleted several misleading ideas that have obscured the significance of legal terminology.

He also made it clear that the law is, after all, a matter of mercy, not god, faith, or even morals, but a state all-power us and condescending.

Relevance in Indian politics and legal society[4]

1. Preconceived notions about the subject
   Austin's sovereignty theory assumes that citizens can follow precisely what the sovereign order commands that is not valid in India's political scenario today. His ideas placed ordinary obedience at the heart of philosophy by subject. Many who consider the sovereign fit will gladly follow. People who think that a sovereign is defective will follow in the fear of overcoming the bad of submission by the evil of their opposition. And the uncertain will obediently obey sovereign. Austin's hypothesis also assumes that people are politically perfectly trained.
    
2. Doesn't give room to common law other law-making bodies
   Customs are not a basis of legislation, and are thus invalid according to Austin's definitions. Church rule, the law of the dealers and several other customary and personal rules, such as Hindu law, Islamic law, etc., which exists before that principle, while they are not recognized, but regulating the day-to-day conduct of the bulk of the populace and are implemented by the State, none of these will be law according to the concept of Austin. Austin was also therefore unaware of the common law that laid the basis in the government in several nations.
    
3. Ignorance of human elements and basic constitutional principles
   In the concept of sanction, we are able to see that Austin neglected human elements such as shared knowledge and harmony between the State and the subjects, while on the other, on subjects such as regular conformity he has made ambiguous presumptions, which is an exceedingly unusual occurrence in the modern world. It did not strike the right balance between the position and ties between the state and people. Austin's theory has however completely neglected the principles and ethics of freedom of opinion, equality of position, etc. unsigned in the preamble and which constitute the foundations of the Indian constitution.
    
4. Absolute, unrestricted and indivisible powers to sovereign
   Austin postulated that the sovereign is free of all restrictions and that there should be no sanction of any sort. Sovereignty is superior to groups and organisations in general. Null responsibility in Austin's philosophy puts the nation and its citizens to the hands of a single person who, due to his mood and personal whims, will settle about someone's life and death. Often, since no one body is independent, it is more likely to hit and to contribute to political unrest outside interference from abroad.
   
   In Golaknath v. State of Punjab[5] it was clearly stated that the separation of power is uncompromisable provision of the constitution by C.J. Subba Rao
   
   The government's three institutions must perform their duties in accordance with a number of constitutional prejudices. The Constitution sketches minutely the authority of the three organs and requires them to be exercised without exceeding their respective powers. In the realms assigned to the constitution all organs shall act. There is no central power established by the constitution. The Indian constitution is sovereign and any government shall act under the supreme law of the country, i.e. the constitution.
    
5. Not internationally recognized
   In the modern times, a country has to comply with numerous foreign rules. International Rules are important because there are now mechanisms that hold the State to account for injury to foreigners in its territory. The value of international law should be appreciated.

The definition of sovereignty seems to have coreated many other concepts of international law. A ruler has no power to perpetuate inhumane action against its people, as the international order criticizes him and, if he does, he will soon face the costs of survival in a violent world environment

Thus, from these facts we might conclude that in the new globalized world and the power of foreign bodies, such as the UN Security Council (UNSC), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations Human Rights Commission principle of Austin is a little unpractical (UNHRC).

Criticism:

1. As Austin says that sovereign is the rule maker, he neglects the fact that it is based on common awareness of people who are customary and thus often disregards customs law which has already been generally respected and observed.[6]
   
   Personal rules such as Hindu, canon law and Muslim law prevailed even before the sovereign started legislating, yet not only have these laws been recognized but have been practiced with overwhelming dedication.
   
   Secondly, as applicable to the administration of justice by the Court of Legal Affairs, the legal character of the statute becomes apparent. Also legal sanctions are used in the courts, albeit created by the sovereign. Courts can misunderstand or dismiss a tradition. The court also sets down rulings or cases that are frequently monitored religiously in subsequent cases.
    
2. The philosophy of Austin is not applicable to constitutional law. Any sovereign is subject to the Constitution regardless of his might and the latter can't be equated to a state's "order." The notion of saying that the Constitution, the rule of the sovereign, would guide the sovereign would, in essence, be an insane one. Moreover, the Constitution is mostly the highest legislation which falls before the state. The Constitution. It defeats the pretension of Austin that the Supreme establishes the constitutional rule.
    
3. The term applies mostly to the State of the Monarchical Police that is author of the law and authorizes those who do not respect to do wrong. There are authorizing and encouraging laws in the modern world, which give the people rights. They are strictly permissive and grant the client discretion. In their true meaning, they can't be considered an order.
   
   For example, the legislation that grants me my voting right does not tell me how I am going to vote.
   
   I am not penalized in the legislation that grants me the freedom to write a will.
   
   Legislation is founded on the principle of immunity from untouchability or bigamy
    
4. The sanction is not the only reason behind compliance, as opposed to what is considered. It is valued for prudence and religious reasons as well. Normally, during the lives of the first partner one does not enter into a second marriage relationship because he fears punishment, but also because of love and affection. Furthermore, if each individual wishes to defy the sovereign's rule, they must fall... Practical restrictions on civil penalties.
    
5. It is not acknowledged by Austin that international law is not established by a government, but is still recognized and valued as a law by most countries. In the International Arena there is no body that can enact or sanction international obligations. However, the adherence to them is mostly awaited.
    
6. Law does not necessarily apply to all in general. It is also planned specifically for certain individuals or scenarios.
   
   For example, divorce laws only apply to divorce seekers.
   
   There are statutory rules or centric positions.
   
   In its description, Austin does not consider these specialized or specific rules.
    
7. Law, above all, is a tool for achieving judiciary. Any meaning is insufficient if it does not recognize that justice is the end of the statute.
    
8. The aversion of legal elements determining the statute is another constraint. In order to grasp the essence and requirements of the Statute, an ethic on which a law is construed is necessary.

It is important to remember that Austin's philosophy, considering its legitimate critique, remains one of the most important theories of law and still has some significance in some respects.

Conclusion
A number of thought- and lawyers contrasted Austin's opinions with Bentham's, concluding that the latter in western society are more fitting. The notion of Austin's positive law and positive philosophy was criticized extensively and western society excluded their applicability and validity. However, several key points of ethical methodological positivism have emerged.

In the light of this discussion it is clear that Austin's theory is less relevant in contemporary India than it does because it does not take into account many factors such as international law, power separation and democratic governance that have enabled India to maintain its integrity, unity and prosperity and to thrive from the British colonial rule to the greatest d Intelligence over time. In addition, given the immensity of India's cultural and religious heritage and its youth, not everything can be achieved under drastic legislative circumstances in line with nearly 150 years of theory.

End-Notes:

• P.S.A. Pillai Edition, Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, 3rd edition
• K. Llewellyn (1960) Book Review, University of Chicago Law Review, P. 254
• E. Nalbandian (2010) "Sociological Jurisprudence � General Introduction to Concepts" Vol. 3 Mizan Law Review, No. 6
• VD Mahajan, Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, 5th edition
• 1967 SCR (2) 762
• M. Freeman & D. Lloyd (2001) Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence, 7th Ed. Sweet & Maxwell

Written By: Anmol Gupta, Jindal Global University