In this paper, we examine the complex journey of Indian democracy over the last 75 years, emphasizing essential lessons from its historical context. Since its independence in 1947, India has built a strong foundation of democratic institutions that have grown tremendously over the years.

Initially shaped by the political upheavals of the 1940s, these institutions have adapted to changing sociopolitical contexts, demonstrating their endurance and reformability. The judiciary's role in defending the rule of law, protecting democracy, and serving as a check on executive power is central to this progress. The Indian legal system has not only protected fundamental rights but has also played an important role in interpreting and enforcing constitutional provisions.

Aside from political representation, empowering citizens has been an important part of improving democracy. This participation is critical for a healthy democracy because it encourages accountability and guarantees that all opinions are heard. Furthermore, combatting corruption through oversight procedures has become a big task. The requirement for openness and accountability in government has resulted in the formation of numerous institutions and structures to combat corruption and foster public confidence.

Finally, this article examines how maintaining civil liberties continues to be a delicate balancing act in the face of security concerns. The need to protect individual liberties while maintaining national security underlines the constant struggle to preserve the integrity of democratic values.

Furthermore, while India has made significant progress on its democratic path, ongoing efforts are required to preserve and advance its democratic legacy. India can aspire to a future that fulfils its pledges to justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens by learning from its mistakes and strengthening its democratic roots.

Strengthening India's Democratic Institutions; Lessons From 75 Years Of Indian Democracy

On August 15, 1947, India gained independence from British colonial rule, marking the beginning of its democratic transition. This historic event signaled the end of colonial rule and the establishment of a sovereign state dedicated to the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice. [1]As a nation of great diversity, including numerous languages, faiths, cultures, and socioeconomic backgrounds. India was faced with the daunting job of creating a democratic framework that would accept its diversity while fostering unity and stability.

The framers of India's Constitution, which was adopted on January 26, 1950, envisioned a democratic government based on representative governance principles and emphasizing social justice. The Constitution established essential rights and duties, emphasizing the importance of both individual liberties and collective responsibility. This was especially important in a society emerging from centuries of feudalism and colonialism, in which millions had faced oppression and marginalization.

Over the last 75 years, India has reached several key milestones in its democratic journey. One of the most important achievements has been the establishment and consolidation of regular electoral processes. India's first general elections in 1951-52 were a watershed moment that highlighted the populace's willingness to participate in democratic activities. The country has since held several elections, demonstrating its commitment to democratic democracy. With a robust multiparty system, political involvement in India has evolved over time, allowing citizens from different socioeconomic backgrounds to participate in governance.

Despite these achievements, India's democratic transition has not been without difficulties. The country has encountered numerous challenges, including communal strife, political corruption, and socioeconomic inequities. Events such as the Emergency (1975-77), which temporarily stopped democracy, served as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of democratic institutions. Nonetheless, India's resilience has been demonstrated by its ability to recover from such defeats, emphasizing the significance of the rule of law and civil freedoms.
The significance of 75 years of Indian democracy is not only the preservation of fundamental rights, but also the progress made toward socioeconomic growth.

Over the years, India has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Poverty alleviation, education, healthcare, and technological initiatives have dramatically improved millions of people's lives. However, difficulties like as income inequality and access to quality education and healthcare remain serious issues that must be addressed in order to secure long-term democratic growth and social equity.

Celebrating 75 years of democracy also prompts reflection on the future. As India moves forward, it must enhance its democratic institutions, ensuring that they can withstand external and internal challenges. The long-term viability of India's democracy depends on upholding the rule of law, ensuring transparency, and encouraging active citizen involvement. Inclusive governance, which allows for the representation of underrepresented people, will also play an important role in increasing democratic legitimacy.[2]

The 75-year democratic path demonstrates the resilience and aspirations of its people. While obstacles exist, democracy's core values—equality, fairness, and liberty—continue to motivate both individuals and leaders. As India looks to the future, renewing its commitment to these democratic ideals will be critical in managing the complexity of an ever-changing globe. Celebrating this milestone honors the past while also igniting hope for a more equal and just society in the coming years.

Evolving Democracy: Key Milestones In India's Journey From The 1940s To Present

India's democratic path over the last 75 years is inextricably linked to the evolution of its institutions and major events of the 1940s and 1950s. The Partition of India in 1947 triggered a massive humanitarian crisis, prompting the government to implement rehabilitation efforts and enact laws to protect the socioeconomic rights of millions of refugees, laying the groundwork for future social justice frameworks such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act).[3]

The integration of princely states provided a significant challenge, with Indian leadership advocating discussion and cooperative federalism, a notion that still influences Indian politics. Widespread famines highlighted the importance of food security, driving both domestic efforts to enhance agricultural productivity and calls for international aid, which ultimately led to the National Food Security Act.

The important changes of the 1960s transformed India. The 1962 Sino-Indian War exposed military vulnerabilities, prompting a review of defence policies, modernization initiatives, and large investments in the indigenous defence industry[4]. During this decade, the Green Revolution began, with the goal of achieving agricultural self-sufficiency through high-yield seed varieties and contemporary practices, thereby increasing farmer empowerment and strengthening the link between food security and national stability. The formation of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969 demonstrated India's dedication to technological innovation.

The 1970s were turbulent, particularly during the Emergency of 1975-1977, which suspended civil liberties and prompted concerns about democratic health. This time highlighted the importance of constitutional safeguards, prompting revisions to strengthen democratic institutions and fundamental rights. Economic inequality sparked substantial steps, such as bank nationalization in 1969, to promote inclusion and equitable resource allocation.

In the 1980s, political instability occurred as a result of repeated defections, prompting the Anti-Defection Law of 1985 to improve political stability. During the era, the government adopted federalism and strengthened the Panchayati Raj system, emphasizing grassroots participation and responsive governance.

The 1990s were a transformative period defined by economic reforms in response to a 1991 balance of payments crisis that exposed the weaknesses of India's closed economy. The LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) reforms liberalized the economy, allowing for foreign investment and competition. Concurrently, in 1992, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments empowered local self-government, promoting decentralization and accountability.[5]

Since 2000, India's democracy has evolved, with difficulties such as corruption necessitating reforms to ensure that democratic values remain strong and inclusive.

Constitution As A Blueprint

This quote from Ramachandra Guha's book 'India After Gandhi' delivers a unique perspective of democracy: "The resilience of Indian democracy lies not just in its institutions, but in the collective will of its people to uphold democratic values even in the face of challenges."

The Directive Principles of State Policy direct social and economic policies aimed at establishing a welfare state that fosters justice and equality. Balancing individual rights with the common good remains difficult, with the court having an important role in settling disputes. human liberties have been greatly influenced by the expansion of Fundamental Rights, particularly the landmark case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)[6], which extended the interpretation of Article 21, emphasising human autonomy and dignity.

In contrast, State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas (1976) [7]demonstrates the link between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, emphasizing the state's responsibility to address socioeconomic injustices.

In environmental law, M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1986) emphasized the significance of inclusive policies that consider vulnerable communities while balancing environmental protection and basic fundamental rights. The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) [8]case established the basic structure concept, which limited Parliament's capacity to modify the Constitution. Similarly, S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) [9]reinforced federal principles and emphasized cooperative federalism. These legal precedents demonstrate the dynamic interplay of rights, governmental obligations, and social fairness in bolstering India's democratic institutions.

ELECTORAL POLITICS AND PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
Quoting rom the book "Why India Votes?" by Mukulika Banerjee[10], it says, "My vote is like an atom; it may be small but it packs a lot of power."
This quote, attributed to a Dalit woman, encapsulates the empowering nature of voting in India's democracy,[11] supporting the article's emphasis on the importance of electoral participation.

The evolution of electoral politics in India has had a significant impact on the endurance of its democratic institutions during the last 75 years. The Anti-Defection Law, which was enacted to ensure political stability by prohibiting party switching among elected members, is an important component of this discourse[12]. While this regulation has played an important role in ensuring party purity, it has also been criticized for encouraging political opportunism.

Judicial interpretations have played an important role in preserving democratic structures. In the landmark case of S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)[13], the Supreme Court reaffirmed constitutional safeguards against the misuse of Article 356, emphasizing that President's Rule must be consistent with constitutional mandates. This decision protected democratic values by ensuring that state governments have autonomy during elections.

Furthermore, the ruling in Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India (2016) [14]was critical in increasing transparency in political fundraising. The Supreme Court emphasized the need of candidates disclosing their financial backgrounds, paving the way for future electoral changes that prioritize responsibility in politics. Following this decision, the Election Commission changed its regulations, improving the clarity of the electoral process.

Furthermore, the decision in Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013)[15] enhanced ethical norms by excluding MPs and MLAs convicted of criminal acts. This action not only improved the quality of political representation, but it also increased popular confidence in democratic institutions.

Citizens' political participation has transformed, with social media and digital platforms emerging as critical tools for political mobilization. These platforms allow individuals to participate more actively in the voting process, so directly affecting outcomes. Civil society organizations today play an important role in promoting democratic values, pushing for accountability, and ensuring that governments meet citizens' needs.

The Supreme Court's decision in Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006)[16] confirmed that the right to vote is a basic right under Article 21 of the Constitution, emphasizing that election processes must be inclusive and accessible. Another significant case is Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002), which required candidates to disclose their criminal and financial records, thereby providing voters with critical information for making educated decisions.

Social Justice And Inclusive Development: Policies And Outcomes

The debate over social justice and inclusive development in India has gained traction, notably concerning the reservation policy for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education and government employment. This policy, originally intended to correct historical injustices and promote equity, has become a divisive subject, reflecting deeper societal divisions and the complexity of democratic practice in India during the previous 75 years.

Reservation policy supporters claim that it is an important instrument for promoting social justice and equality. The strategy effectively addresses systemic disparities based in India's caste system by ensuring equitable access to education and employment opportunities for marginalised people. Supporters argue that without affirmative action, SCs, STs, and OBCs would face impediments to social mobility and economic development, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and marginalization. According to empirical studies, beneficiaries of reservation policies have improved their educational attainment and job advancement, resulting in a more egalitarian society.

Furthermore, supporters claim that reservations can have a broader societal impact by encouraging diversity in educational institutions and political entities. Diverse environments improve learning outcomes, foster tolerance, and prepare kids for a multicultural workforce. Furthermore, exposure in public roles can motivate underrepresented groups, instilling a sense of agency and belonging in a democracy that is frequently viewed as alienating by marginalized people.

Conversely, detractors of the reservation policy highlight significant issues, particularly about the concept of meritocracy. They claim that reservations undercut the values of equal opportunity by favoring caste over aptitude, lowering the quality of education and governance. Critics argue that such policies promote entitlement rather than hard labor and creativity. Furthermore, the mechanism for calculating reservation beneficiaries has been criticized as out of date, resulting in some socially and economically advanced individuals from backward strata gaining disproportionate benefits, diverting possibilities away from really disadvantaged populations.

The impact of reservations on social mobility is another major subject of disagreement. While some research imply that reservations improve underprivileged groups' access to higher education and job possibilities, others argue that the overall effect on social mobility is minimal. Many economically disadvantaged individuals in the general category continue to struggle to compete owing to a lack of resources, underscoring the importance of addressing socioeconomic gaps that go beyond caste restrictions.[17]

Challenges To Democratic Consolidation: Communalism, Corruption, And Extremism

The challenges to democratic consolidation in India, particularly in terms of communalism, corruption, and extremism, have gotten more severe, compounded by escalating occurrences of hate speech, religious discrimination, and violence against religious minorities. Understanding these events is critical to building India's democratic institutions, particularly after 75 years of parliamentary democracy.

The prevalence of provocative political speech is a significant contributor to the growth in communal tensions. Political players frequently use religious identities to gain support, which generates a climate of separation and hatred. This was obvious during electoral campaigns in which communal language heightened tensions and damaged the nation's secular fabric. Furthermore, social media has multiplied hate speech, allowing disinformation to spread quickly, undermining trust among communities and creating an unstable environment.

Furthermore, systemic factors like corruption in political and law enforcement organizations impede effective responses to hate speech and violence. Inadequate legal protections for minorities, along with a lack of accountability in executing current laws, exacerbates the situation. The lack of robust legal structures to monitor hate speech and combat incitement to violence highlights a significant deficiency in India's democratic infrastructure.

Strengthening Democracy For The Future: Technology, Innovation, And Accountability

Strengthening democracy in India requires a diverse approach that scrutinizes the role of technology and innovation while emphasizing responsibility in democratic institutions. Over the last 75 years, Indian democracy has grown enormously, but it now faces new difficulties in the digital age. A thorough examination exposes both potential and concerns related to technology, regulatory systems, and public engagement.

Technological innovations have the ability to improve government, increase transparency, and encourage citizen participation. Notably, the Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005 [18]transformed access to government information by empowering citizens to hold public officials responsible. This Act is critical in fostering transparency, but it confronts problems such as bureaucratic opposition and the potential for misuse of provisions for harassment. The impact of RTI on governance may be seen in a variety of situations when civic groups successfully used this law to expose corruption, demonstrating technology's role in promoting democratic values.

Conversely, technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to undermine democracy. The emergence of social media has changed political communication, allowing for rapid mobilization and engagement; but, it has also aided the spread of misinformation. For example, during previous elections, distorted narratives on platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook exacerbated divisiveness, raising worries about the integrity of political processes.

The Supreme Court's decision in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) [19]highlighted the delicate balance between free expression and online content control, underlining the importance of well-defined legal frameworks for efficiently governing the digital realm.

Void In The Horizon Of India's Democratic Institutions

Despite vast research on Indian democracy, there is a significant gap in actionable ways to improve it. The relationship between socio-cultural elements and marginalized communities' participation in political institutions, as well as their access to justice, is not well understood. Although the Indian Constitution advocates for social and economic equality, its inconsistent implementation has exacerbated gaps, notably among vulnerable groups characterized by caste, religion, and gender.

As the 2025 elections near, representation issues are becoming more prominent, as seen by calls for a caste-based quota system in local governance from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes demanding stronger representation. This ongoing conflict demonstrates the widespread impact of entrenched socio-cultural inequalities on political involvement and resource access, which contributes to skepticism in democratic processes.

Money's effect in Indian elections is a crucial issue, as evidenced by real-life examples such as the usage of black money and the faulty electoral bonds system. For example, the recent Lok Sabha elections saw significant unexplained cash flow, raising worries about fair representation. Furthermore, political parties frequently use loopholes in financing restrictions to disguise donations, reducing transparency.

High-profile examples, such as major parties' significant last-minute fundraising, demonstrate how money influences electoral outcomes and voter representation. These difficulties lead to a perception of corruption and erode public trust, underlining the need for comprehensive electoral financing changes to achieve a more transparent and equitable democratic process in India.

The important research gap is a lack of awareness about government programs aiming at poverty reduction in India, particularly among marginalized people in states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. For example, while programs such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)[20] exist, their uneven impact frequently results in inadequate outreach. Analytical studies should center on elements that influence program success, such as local government and accessibility.

A rigorous review is required to examine the long-term viability of these efforts, particularly those tackling systemic disparities based on caste and gender. By focusing targeted participatory procedures, programs can be improved for better fairness, ensuring that economic liberalization serves all society segments effectively.

The crucial study gap is in understanding the socioeconomic and political elements that drive extremism and radicalization in India, particularly in regions like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, where communal tensions are prevalent. Current research fails to address how social media amplifies hate speech, impacting vulnerable communities and contributing to polarized political rhetoric.

For example, situations such as the violence in Delhi in 2020 highlight the necessity for further investigation.[21] Furthermore, effective solutions, such as education programs that promote interfaith communication and community-driven efforts suited to local circumstances, should be investigated. Addressing these gaps will help to strengthen democratic principles and social stability in India, as well as promote resilience against communalism and sectarianism.

The research gap exposes a lack of awareness of developing challenges to democracy in the twenty-first century. First, the influence of misinformation and disinformation, particularly during elections in Indian states such as Assam and Uttar Pradesh, undermines democratic debate and requires a thorough assessment. Second, the employment of artificial intelligence and surveillance technology raises worries about privacy erosion, as seen by instances of biometric data collecting in many jurisdictions, which limit citizens' freedoms.

Third, there is a pressing need for inclusive governance models that take into account varied citizen desires while encouraging participatory policy. The landmark case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015)[22] highlights the need to strike a balance between free expression and technology safeguards, highlighting the need of expanding legal and ethical frameworks in preserving democratic principles in the digital age.

Clarity Code Lessons
To overcome this gap, a multifaceted approach is required. First, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research is required to investigate marginalized communities' political engagement and access to justice, with focus groups, questionnaires, and interviews used to identify socio-cultural hurdles. Furthermore, sociological research into the relationship between social identities and political activity can reveal systemic issues.

Promoting inclusive education programs at a young age may promote respect for difference. Strengthening autonomous entities, such as the National Commission for Minorities and the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, is also critical to ensuring effective advocacy for marginalized groups and driving policy changes[23].

Drawing on historical experiences, we can strengthen the durability of democratic structures in tackling new challenges and promoting an inclusive
Electoral financing presents substantial issues, frequently leading to corruption and unequal competition, which can be mitigated by enacting tough electoral regulations, such as required disclosure of funding sources, which improve openness and restore voter faith.

For example, in recent elections, candidates with significant finance frequently outperformed grassroots groups. Public funding approaches, which allocate financial resources equitably, can empower marginalized candidates and promote political diversity.

Furthermore, using digital technologies can aid in efficient voter mobilization while combating misinformation, especially in rural areas where access to factual information is limited. This multifaceted strategy can contribute to a more equitable electoral landscape, ultimately improving democracy in India.

Given this complex terrain, a thorough examination of the reservation policy is required. Solutions must take a dual approach, preserving affirmative action while implementing socioeconomic factors for allocation. This would ensure that the most vulnerable populations, regardless of caste, receive assistance, tackling the complexities of poverty and social injustices more comprehensively.

Ultimately, the discussion over reservations must be placed within the larger context of Indian democracy, which requires a balance of equality and excellence. Policymakers can strengthen democratic institutions by acknowledging and resolving the shortcomings of the present reservation framework, establishing an inclusive society that acknowledges historical injustices while also empowering all individuals to make important contributions to national progress. As a result, India can continue to build on the lessons learnt from 75 years of democratic practice, ensuring that social justice and inclusive growth stay at the top of its national agenda.

There is an urgent need for comprehensive law reform to strengthen hate speech safeguards, as well as harsh sanctions for those who inspire violent behavior. Educational efforts such as the Maharashtra-based "Siksha Kendra" program, which encourages students from various religious backgrounds to engage in talks about tolerance and respect, could serve as models. Furthermore, community-led initiatives, such as local peace committees that bring together diverse groups to address grievances and mediate conflicts, have shown promise in promoting social stability. [24]Tolerance and interfaith dialogue can serve as preventive measures, cultivating mutual respect among diverse religious communities.

Furthermore, robust civic engagement systems may strengthen underprivileged populations and ensure that their opinions are heard in politics. Institutional reforms aiming at decreasing corruption and increasing accountability in governance are critical to restoring faith in democratic institutions.

Furthermore, building inclusive governance frameworks is critical for addressing these difficulties. Initiatives such as citizen forums can improve participatory policymaking by ensuring that different viewpoints are heard. Furthermore, legal frameworks, such as the Shreya Singhal case, should be strengthened to preserve free speech while also offering safeguards against technological exploitation, strengthening democratic principles in an increasingly digital and complicated sociopolitical environment.

Preserving And Advancing India's Democratic Legacy

The preservation and growth of India's democratic tradition is an enormous responsibility that necessitates a multifaceted strategy. As we reflect on 75 years of Indian democracy, we know that developing democratic institutions requires an active commitment to upholding the principles of justice, equality, and freedom entrenched in our Constitution.

The rule of law is crucial to this commitment, with the judiciary playing an important role in protecting constitutional rights from executive and legislative excess. Landmark decisions have shown the judiciary's ability to promote justice and equality. However, issues such as delays in justice and accessibility must be resolved. Continuous improvements to streamline court processes are required to ensure that justice is served, not just perceived to be served. The judiciary's role in interpreting laws and resolving controversies remains critical to preserving democratic values as cultural norms change.

Empowering citizens through grassroots engagement is critical for fostering democracy. From the struggle against colonial rule to modern social justice and environmental activists, India has a long history of people-powered movements. A strong democracy flourishes when its citizens are involved, knowledgeable, and active. Strengthening local governance systems, like as Panchayati Raj institutions, is critical to promoting participatory democracy. India can foster a participatory culture in which voters elect and hold politicians accountable by encouraging open discourse and ensuring that every voice is heard. Education is critical to this empowerment since knowledgeable persons can effectively advocate for their rights.

Combating corruption at all levels is a major task that jeopardizes the legitimacy of democratic institutions. Corruption undermines public trust and hinders civic engagement. Establishing strong supervision procedures and specific accountability channels is critical to restoring public trust.[25] Legislation such as the Right to Information Act has increased transparency and allowed citizens to demand accountability. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is dependent on political will and the creation of competent, impartial organizations to handle corruption charges.

Protecting civil rights is crucial to striking a balance between security and freedom. In today's complicated global landscape, the state must be watchful against threats while still protecting individual liberties. Historical settings warn us of the dangers of authoritarianism masquerading as security. The protection of civil liberties—freedom of expression, assembly, and religion—is critical for a functioning democracy. It is critical to have a strong legal framework in place that balances these frequently opposing objectives without violating basic human rights. An empowered civil society can effectively curb government abuses while also pushing for the preservation of the freedoms that underpin our democratic values.

Looking ahead, the lessons learnt over 75 years should motivate efforts to create a more just and equal society. Every citizen must help to build democratic institutions, whether by educated voting, active public debate, or holding leaders accountable. Ultimately, the health of Indian democracy will be dependent on our collective ability to defend the rule of law, boost grassroots engagement, battle corruption, and protect civil liberties. Together, these aspects will provide a strong democratic framework that acknowledges our past while looking forward to a brighter future.

End Notes:

1. [Burning Issue] Indian Democracy, (August 20, 2022), https://www.civilsdaily.com/https-www-civilsdaily-com-indian-democracy-at-75/
2. Akanksha Singh, From Dharma to Democracy: Celebrating 75 Years of India's Constitutional Unity, Chintan (2024), https://chintan.indiafoundation.in/articles/from-dharma-to-democracy-celebrating-75-years-of-indias-constitutional-ethos-and-unity/
3. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1920
4. Sino-Indian War, Wikipedia (2025), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Indian_War&did=1268414317
5. LPG Reforms in India - Significance & Effects, BYJUS, https://byjus.com/current-affairs/lpg-reforms/
6. Digital Supreme Court Reports: https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/view_judgment?=NjE1MQ==
7. notes.saralupsc.com, State of Kerala vs. N. M. Thomas (1976) Summary for Polity Notes, notes.saralupsc.com (Jun. 26, 2024), https://notes.saralupsc.com/state-of-kerala-vs-nm-thomas-1976-summary-for-upsc-polity-notes/
8. Digital Supreme Court Reports: https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/view_judgment?=NjE1MQ===
9. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India Case 1994, Drishti, https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-r-bommai-v-union-of-india-case-1994
10. Mukulika Banerjee, Why India Votes? (2014)
11. Mukulika Banerjee, Why India Votes? (2014)
12. Anti-defection law (India), Wikipedia (2025), https://.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-defection_law_(India)&did=1268153882
13. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India Case 1994, Drishti, https://www/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-r-bommai-v-union-of-india-case-1994
14. Digital Supreme Court Reports, https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/html_dir=YWRtaW4vanVkZ2VtZW50X2ZpbGUvZWJvb2tzLzIwMjQvdm9sdW1lIDMvUGFydCBJSS8yMDI0MzQxNzQyMDE3MTE5NTExNDAuaHRtbA==&judgment_id=MzcyMzE=#:~:text=The%20judgment%20of%20the%20Constitution,name%20of%20the%20purchaser%20and
15. Diganth Raj Sehgal, Lily Thomas vs Union of India (2013) Legalizing Convicted MPs and MLAs, iPleaders (Mar. 1, 2024), https://blog.ipleaders.in/lily-thomas-v-union-india-legalising-convicted-mps-mlas24
16. Nayar vs Union of India (2006) - Judiciary Coaching, (Jul. 29, 2024), https://www.jyotijudiciary.com/the-kuldip-nayar-vs-union-of-india-2006/
17. C. Raj Kumar, An Approaching Milestone in Constitutional Governance, The Hindu, Oct. 21, 2024, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-approaching-milestone-in-constitutional-governance/article68780175.ece
18. Right to Information, ttps://rti.gov.in/
19. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) Information, ttps://rti.gov.in/
20. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA, https://nrega.nic.in/MGNREGA\Nrega_home.aspx
21. Awstika Das, , (2023), http:/www.livelaw.in-223129
22. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) Information, ttps://rti.gov.in/union-of-india/
23. https://en.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/social-welfare/scheduled-tribes-welfareofthe-national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes
24. Community Participation | PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya| India, https://subathu.kvs.ac.in/community-participation//
25. Aparna Pande, Introductions: India's 75, (2021), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00358533.2022.208268125