One Nation, One Election: Exploring the Feasibility, Benefits, and Challenges of Synchronised Elections in India
One Nation, One Election is a proposal to synchronise all Indian elections on a
single day or within a specific period. The practice of One Nation, One Election
has continued since independence until 1967, when the premature dissolution of
state assemblies disrupted it.
Background:
India, the world's largest democracy has a dynamic, complex and multi-tier system of elections. The Election Commission of India is responsible for the free and fair elections. The multi-tier electoral system includes the election of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and other local bodies. The first general elections of India were conducted in 1951-1952.
The Indian electoral system has evolved, such as the ballet system being replaced with Electoral Voting Machines (EVM). India is currently witnessing elections every year which hinders the growth and development of the country. The debate of One Nation, One Election was fumed after a High-Level Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of former President Ram Nath Kovind on 2nd September 2023.
Objective:
The objective behind the paper on the One Nation, One Election proposal in India is to comprehensively analyse the feasibility, benefits and challenges of implementing such a policy.
Feasibility of Policy:
The research paper analyses the financial and logistical aspects of implementing simultaneous elections for the multi-tier electoral system in India. It will also analyze the infrastructural capability, technological feasibility, and administrative efficiency.
Present Scenario:
India is currently holding elections at various levels such as Lok Sabha, State Legislative and Local bodies elections. It conducts elections in five years for its lower house. State assembly and local elections were conducted per their schedule with a term of five years. Due to frequent national and legislative assembly elections, India always stays in an election mode. Another problem with frequent elections is the implementation of the Moral Code of Conduct by the Election Commission of India which hinders productivity by restricting the government's ability to announce new schemes, policies, or projects. Another issue with frequent elections is the continuous allocation of resources over a prolonged period creates fatigue for voters eventually leading to less voter turnout. In the current scenario, constant elections deflect the party's focus from governance and long-term planning to election campaigns.
Recent Steps:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election has many inherent advantages such as cost efficiency, administrative effectiveness, reducing voter fatigue and many more.
Cost Efficiency:
One of the main advantages of one nation and one election is the cost-saving opportunity with this proposal. By holding elections simultaneously of both Lok Sabha and State Legislature, India can significantly reduce the financial burden on the government and stakeholders involved such as political parties and their businessman funding their rallies and events.
Currently, the financial expenditure of India is a hefty amount due to various factors such as operations of the election commission, security arrangements including deployment of central state police forces, etc.
Election Commission Operation:
There are various operations to be conducted by the Election Commission of India such as the deployment of the staff and resources repeatedly that creates a burden on staff due to multiple elections.
Security Deployment:
The Election Commission of India deploys heavy central and security forces to ensure free and fair elections. The extensive security measures and deployment of force regularly for various elections at different points of time in a year create fatigue and wastage of valuable resources.
Logistics:
Regular expenditure on logistics due to the irregular elections on transportation, installation and security of electronic voting machines and voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) can be reduced by conducting synchronised elections.
Publicity and Awareness Campaigns:
The continuous voter education and awareness campaigns directly increase the financial burden which can be reduced by synchronised elections while ensuring high voter turnout.
Political Party Expenditures:
The hefty expenditures by political parties on campaigns, rallies, advertisements, etc, can be contained which will ultimately help the businesses contributing to party funds.
Governance and Policy Implementation:
The Moral Code of Conduct implemented by the Election Commission before every election are guideline for the conduct of political parties and their candidates during elections. The main aim of implementing MCC is to provide equal opportunity to all parties and candidates.
Continuous Governance:
Synchronised elections will reduce the frequency of the Moral Code of Conduct implementation creating less interference, and allowing the government to function more smoothly while maintaining continuity in their policy implementation.
Efficient Resource Allocation:
An efficient resource allocation can take place by minimising the disturbance caused by the MCC. Government officers, security service officials and government school teachers can focus on their primary tasks and responsibilities instead of repeated election duties.
Enhanced Policy Formation:
Reducing election frequency will enable the government to focus on long-term policies rather than being in constant election mode. This policy will lead to more effective governance as policies will not be affected by the elections.
Timely Implementation of Welfare Schemes:
Synchronised elections will minimise interference and enable welfare schemes and development projects to be implemented more promptly. This will help the government ensure that the intended benefits reach the targeted citizens without delays.
Voter Fatigue:
Voter fatigue is considered a disinterest among voters due to the frequency and number of elections. The interest and enthusiasm of the voters diminish for participating in the electoral process when they are required to vote frequently. This ultimately led to lower voter turnout, disengagement of voters from the political process and resource strain. One Nation, One Election will resolve this issue by:
Increasing Voter Turnout:
By decreasing the number of elections, voters might be more inclined to participate in the elections leading to higher voter turnout and more transparent and fair elections.
Enhanced Engagement:
Reducing the number of elections will increase voter engagement as it will allow them to shift their focus from multiple elections to one single election as a significant electoral event.
Strengthened Democracy:
Higher voter turnout and engagement will strengthen democracy by enhancing voter quality and accurately reflecting the will of the people.
Efficient Use of Resources:
Synchronized elections will enable the political parties and candidates to allocate their resources effectively. It will also allow the Election Commission of India to focus and exhaust its resources on one synchronized election.
Administrative Efficiency:
Administrative efficiency is a term that refers to streamlining of management of resources, logistics, etc, that will be a result of synchronised elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies in India.
Optimal Utilisation of Security Forces:
A large number of security personnel are used during every election, including Central Armed Police Forces and state police to ensure a free and fair voting process. Conducting different elections in different states led to a regular mobilisation of these forces, increasing the cost and logistic challenges for the government. Synchronised elections will allow the government to deploy the forces more efficiently reducing the wastage of resources.
Streamlined Election Staffing:
Conducting elections differently requires a large number of election commission officers and administrative bodies employees for the management of polling stations, and overseeing the voting process, leading to duplication of efforts and burden. Simultaneous elections would enable the government and these bodies to focus their energy on a more coordinated effort and better resource management.
Better Coordination Among Agencies:
Synchronised elections will enable agencies such as the Election Commission of India, State election commissions, law enforcement agencies, and other administrative bodies to closely coordinate with each other to standardise the procedure and manage the resources efficiently leading to the growth of the overall effectiveness of the process.
Reduce Disruption of Government Functioning:
The regular election periods often divert government officials and public servants from their duties to manage and deal with the election process. This process often delays policy implementation and other essential government functions. Synchronised elections can reduce the disruption process to only once every five years, allowing government officials to work efficiently.
Challenges and Concerns:
The One Nation, One Election policy has many advantages in terms of implementation, but various challenges and concerns are rising with this policy that have to be addressed.
Constitutional and Legal Issues:
There are various challenges that "One Nation, One Election" especially constitutional and legal challenges due to the existing legal framework and the need for a constitutional amendment for synchronising elections.
Tenure of Legislation:
Article 83(2) of the constitution fixes the term of Lok Sabha as five years unless dissolved sooner. A similar tenure of 5 years is also given for State Legislative Assemblies under Article 172(1). Synchronisation of election will require the change in existing tenure by curtailing or extending it which will require constitutional amendment.
President's Rule:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election would require the imposition of President's rule in states where the elections are required before the original term is over. The use of Article 356 of the constitution will also disrupt the synchronization cycle until and unless other arrangements are made by the government.
Dissolution of Assemblies:
President and Governors are empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by the use of Articles 85 and 174 respectively, upon the advice of executives. Synchronisation of elections would require the dissolution of assemblies disrespecting the mandate of citizens.
Mid-Term Elections
Mid-term elections pose a great threat to the synchronisation of elections. If either Lok Sabha or State Legislative is dissolved prematurely, the elections have to be conducted mid-term potentially breaking the synchronisation.
Logistical Challenges
In the present scenario, India will face a lot of logistical hurdles due to the size of the country, its population, and its diverse terrain. Some of the key challenges are as follows:
Simultaneous Deployment of Resources:
The synchronised elections will require the simultaneous deployment of resources such as one million polling stations and voter-verified paper audit trail devices. The Election Commission of India must ensure the availability and proper functioning of these machines at the polling stations simultaneously, which is a massive task.
Human Resource Management:
A large number of employees are required for conducting elections simultaneously including election officers, polling staff and security officers. Training and deploying this huge workforce will be a huge challenge for the administrative system. Another challenge for such elections is the availability of security forces during a single election cycle.
Election Schedule and Weather Conditions:
India is a diverse country with various climatic conditions, such as monsoon rain in some areas and snowfall in others. These conditions make it extremely difficult to conduct elections simultaneously in all states. Conducting synchronised elections in India is an extreme task requiring a lot of planning and efficient resource allocation.
Storage and Security of EVMs and VVPATs:
The One Nation, One Election policy will require a large number of EVMs and VVPAT machines, which might bring another challenge to the table of synchronised elections. The number of EVMs will be multiplied by thrice compared to a single Lok Sabha Election, making it a challenge for the election officials and security forces to store and provide security to each machine for free and fair elections.
Conclusion:
The One Nation, One Election proposal is an innovative solution to the desynchronised elections in India by addressing challenges such as high cost, voter fatigue and resource wastage. Synchronised elections will help India to achieve greater administrative efficiency, efficient resource allocation, political stability and economic saving while ensuring high voter turnout, and free and fair elections.
This process will face various challenges in different segments such as constitutional amendments, logistical challenges and challenges to the federal system of India. There are also various concerns regarding the midterm elections, the dominance of national issues over regional and state-specific worries due to the importance and scope of the issues, and the strain of resources with the regional parties.
The successful implementation of the One Nation, One Election will require a comprehensive implementation strategy with a lot of planning, constitution amendments, infrastructural efficiency and political consensus. The careful evaluation of the long-term impact of One Nation, One Election on federalism, governance and public participation shall be an important part of the discussion before implementing this proposal.
This ambitious idea of synchronised election promises the evolution of the Indian Democracy. The parliament shall take a balanced approach to implementing this policy while taking the diverse interests of all the stakeholders into account as it will be critical for the sustainability and effectiveness of the democracy. One Nation, One Election is a proposal to synchronise all Indian elections on a single day or within a specific period. The practice of One Nation, One Election has continued since independence until 1967, when the premature dissolution of state assemblies disrupted it.
Background:
India, the world's largest democracy has a dynamic, complex and multi-tier system of elections. The Election Commission of India is responsible for the free and fair elections. The multi-tier electoral system includes the election of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and other local bodies. The first general elections of India were conducted in 1951-1952.
The Indian electoral system has evolved, such as the ballet system being replaced with Electoral Voting Machines (EVM). India is currently witnessing elections every year which hinders the growth and development of the country. The debate of One Nation, One Election was fumed after a High-Level Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of former President Ram Nath Kovind on 2nd September 2023.
Objective:
The objective behind the paper on the One Nation, One Election proposal in India is to comprehensively analyse the feasibility, benefits and challenges of implementing such a policy.
Feasibility of Policy:
The research paper analyses the financial and logistical aspects of implementing simultaneous elections for the multi-tier electoral system in India. It will also analyze the infrastructural capability, technological feasibility, and administrative efficiency.
Present Scenario:
India is currently holding elections at various levels such as Lok Sabha, State Legislative and Local bodies elections. It conducts elections in five years for its lower house. State assembly and local elections were conducted per their schedule with a term of five years. Due to frequent national and legislative assembly elections, India always stays in an election mode. Another problem with frequent elections is the implementation of the Moral Code of Conduct by the Election Commission of India which hinders productivity by restricting the government's ability to announce new schemes, policies, or projects. Another issue with frequent elections is the continuous allocation of resources over a prolonged period creates fatigue for voters eventually leading to less voter turnout. In the current scenario, constant elections deflect the party's focus from governance and long-term planning to election campaigns.
Recent Steps:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election has many inherent advantages such as cost efficiency, administrative effectiveness, reducing voter fatigue and many more.
Cost Efficiency:
One of the main advantages of one nation and one election is the cost-saving opportunity with this proposal. By holding elections simultaneously of both Lok Sabha and State Legislature, India can significantly reduce the financial burden on the government and stakeholders involved such as political parties and their businessman funding their rallies and events.
Currently, the financial expenditure of India is a hefty amount due to various factors such as operations of the election commission, security arrangements including deployment of central state police forces, etc.
Election Commission Operation:
There are various operations to be conducted by the Election Commission of India such as the deployment of the staff and resources repeatedly that creates a burden on staff due to multiple elections.
Security Deployment:
The Election Commission of India deploys heavy central and security forces to ensure free and fair elections. The extensive security measures and deployment of force regularly for various elections at different points of time in a year create fatigue and wastage of valuable resources.
Logistics:
Regular expenditure on logistics due to the irregular elections on transportation, installation and security of electronic voting machines and voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) can be reduced by conducting synchronised elections.
Publicity and Awareness Campaigns:
The continuous voter education and awareness campaigns directly increase the financial burden which can be reduced by synchronised elections while ensuring high voter turnout.
Political Party Expenditures:
The hefty expenditures by political parties on campaigns, rallies, advertisements, etc, can be contained which will ultimately help the businesses contributing to party funds.
Governance and Policy Implementation:
The Moral Code of Conduct implemented by the Election Commission before every election are guideline for the conduct of political parties and their candidates during elections. The main aim of implementing MCC is to provide equal opportunity to all parties and candidates.
Continuous Governance:
Synchronised elections will reduce the frequency of the Moral Code of Conduct implementation creating less interference, and allowing the government to function more smoothly while maintaining continuity in their policy implementation.
Efficient Resource Allocation:
An efficient resource allocation can take place by minimising the disturbance caused by the MCC. Government officers, security service officials and government school teachers can focus on their primary tasks and responsibilities instead of repeated election duties.
Enhanced Policy Formation:
Reducing election frequency will enable the government to focus on long-term policies rather than being in constant election mode. This policy will lead to more effective governance as policies will not be affected by the elections.
Timely Implementation of Welfare Schemes:
Synchronised elections will minimise interference and enable welfare schemes and development projects to be implemented more promptly. This will help the government ensure that the intended benefits reach the targeted citizens without delays.
Voter Fatigue:
Voter fatigue is considered a disinterest among voters due to the frequency and number of elections. The interest and enthusiasm of the voters diminish for participating in the electoral process when they are required to vote frequently. This ultimately led to lower voter turnout, disengagement of voters from the political process and resource strain. One Nation, One Election will resolve this issue by:
Increasing Voter Turnout:
By decreasing the number of elections, voters might be more inclined to participate in the elections leading to higher voter turnout and more transparent and fair elections.
Enhanced Engagement:
Reducing the number of elections will increase voter engagement as it will allow them to shift their focus from multiple elections to one single election as a significant electoral event.
Strengthened Democracy:
Higher voter turnout and engagement will strengthen democracy by enhancing voter quality and accurately reflecting the will of the people.
Efficient Use of Resources:
Synchronized elections will enable the political parties and candidates to allocate their resources effectively. It will also allow the Election Commission of India to focus and exhaust its resources on one synchronized election.
Administrative Efficiency:
Administrative efficiency is a term that refers to streamlining of management of resources, logistics, etc, that will be a result of synchronised elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies in India.
Optimal Utilisation of Security Forces:
A large number of security personnel are used during every election, including Central Armed Police Forces and state police to ensure a free and fair voting process. Conducting different elections in different states led to a regular mobilisation of these forces, increasing the cost and logistic challenges for the government. Synchronised elections will allow the government to deploy the forces more efficiently reducing the wastage of resources.
Streamlined Election Staffing:
Conducting elections differently requires a large number of election commission officers and administrative bodies employees for the management of polling stations, and overseeing the voting process, leading to duplication of efforts and burden. Simultaneous elections would enable the government and these bodies to focus their energy on a more coordinated effort and better resource management.
Better Coordination Among Agencies:
Synchronised elections will enable agencies such as the Election Commission of India, State election commissions, law enforcement agencies, and other administrative bodies to closely coordinate with each other to standardise the procedure and manage the resources efficiently leading to the growth of the overall effectiveness of the process.
Reduce Disruption of Government Functioning:
The regular election periods often divert government officials and public servants from their duties to manage and deal with the election process. This process often delays policy implementation and other essential government functions. Synchronised elections can reduce the disruption process to only once every five years, allowing government officials to work efficiently.
Challenges and Concerns:
The One Nation, One Election policy has many advantages in terms of implementation, but various challenges and concerns are rising with this policy that have to be addressed.
Constitutional and Legal Issues:
There are various challenges that "One Nation, One Election" especially constitutional and legal challenges due to the existing legal framework and the need for a constitutional amendment for synchronising elections.
Tenure of Legislation:
Article 83(2) of the constitution fixes the term of Lok Sabha as five years unless dissolved sooner. A similar tenure of 5 years is also given for State Legislative Assemblies under Article 172(1). Synchronisation of election will require the change in existing tenure by curtailing or extending it which will require constitutional amendment.
President's Rule:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election would require the imposition of President's rule in states where the elections are required before the original term is over. The use of Article 356 of the constitution will also disrupt the synchronization cycle until and unless other arrangements are made by the government.
Dissolution of Assemblies:
President and Governors are empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by the use of Articles 85 and 174 respectively, upon the advice of executives. Synchronisation of elections would require the dissolution of assemblies disrespecting the mandate of citizens.
Mid-Term Elections
Mid-term elections pose a great threat to the synchronisation of elections. If either Lok Sabha or State Legislative is dissolved prematurely, the elections have to be conducted mid-term potentially breaking the synchronisation.
Logistical Challenges
In the present scenario, India will face a lot of logistical hurdles due to the size of the country, its population, and its diverse terrain. Some of the key challenges are as follows:
Simultaneous Deployment of Resources:
The synchronised elections will require the simultaneous deployment of resources such as one million polling stations and voter-verified paper audit trail devices. The Election Commission of India must ensure the availability and proper functioning of these machines at the polling stations simultaneously, which is a massive task.
Human Resource Management:
A large number of employees are required for conducting elections simultaneously including election officers, polling staff and security officers. Training and deploying this huge workforce will be a huge challenge for the administrative system. Another challenge for such elections is the availability of security forces during a single election cycle.
Election Schedule and Weather Conditions:
India is a diverse country with various climatic conditions, such as monsoon rain in some areas and snowfall in others. These conditions make it extremely difficult to conduct elections simultaneously in all states. Conducting synchronised elections in India is an extreme task requiring a lot of planning and efficient resource allocation.
Storage and Security of EVMs and VVPATs:
The One Nation, One Election policy will require a large number of EVMs and VVPAT machines, which might bring another challenge to the table of synchronised elections. The number of EVMs will be multiplied by thrice compared to a single Lok Sabha Election, making it a challenge for the election officials and security forces to store and provide security to each machine for free and fair elections.
Conclusion:
The One Nation, One Election proposal is an innovative solution to the desynchronised elections in India by addressing challenges such as high cost, voter fatigue and resource wastage. Synchronised elections will help India to achieve greater administrative efficiency, efficient resource allocation, political stability and economic saving while ensuring high voter turnout, and free and fair elections.
This process will face various challenges in different segments such as constitutional amendments, logistical challenges and challenges to the federal system of India. There are also various concerns regarding the midterm elections, the dominance of national issues over regional and state-specific worries due to the importance and scope of the issues, and the strain of resources with the regional parties.
The successful implementation of the One Nation, One Election will require a comprehensive implementation strategy with a lot of planning, constitution amendments, infrastructural efficiency and political consensus. The careful evaluation of the long-term impact of One Nation, One Election on federalism, governance and public participation shall be an important part of the discussion before implementing this proposal.
This ambitious idea of synchronised election promises the evolution of the Indian Democracy. The parliament shall take a balanced approach to implementing this policy while taking the diverse interests of all the stakeholders into account as it will be critical for the sustainability and effectiveness of the democracy.
Also Read:
Background:
India, the world's largest democracy has a dynamic, complex and multi-tier system of elections. The Election Commission of India is responsible for the free and fair elections. The multi-tier electoral system includes the election of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and other local bodies. The first general elections of India were conducted in 1951-1952.
The Indian electoral system has evolved, such as the ballet system being replaced with Electoral Voting Machines (EVM). India is currently witnessing elections every year which hinders the growth and development of the country. The debate of One Nation, One Election was fumed after a High-Level Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of former President Ram Nath Kovind on 2nd September 2023.
Objective:
The objective behind the paper on the One Nation, One Election proposal in India is to comprehensively analyse the feasibility, benefits and challenges of implementing such a policy.
Feasibility of Policy:
The research paper analyses the financial and logistical aspects of implementing simultaneous elections for the multi-tier electoral system in India. It will also analyze the infrastructural capability, technological feasibility, and administrative efficiency.
Benefit Identification
- The potential advantages of One Nation and One Election will be analysed with special reference to cost, public engagement, etc.
- Economic benefits and fewer disruptions due to the moral code of conduct implemented by the election commission before every election.
Challenges in Implementation
- Issues and challenges that can occur during the implementation of this policy.
- Challenges such as legal changes, federal structure, political opposition, and constitutional amendment for the policy.
Providing Comparative Analysis
- Comparison of India's situation with other nations that have implemented or attempted to synchronise their electoral systems.
- Analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and lessons for implementing this policy.
Evaluation of Public and Political Opinion
- Analysis of the opinions of major stakeholders such as the general public, the Election Commission, and political leaders.
- Insight into opposition's opinion and its support for the proposal's acceptance and success.
Significance
- Enhancing Governance Efficiency:
- Reduction of disturbances created by frequent elections and moral code of conduct.
- Governments can focus on development and implementation of schemes.
- Economic Implication:
- Significant reduction of expenses on security, logistics, and administration.
- Optimisation of resources like polling staff and security officers.
- Political Stability:
- Promotion of political stability and reduction of political uncertainty.
- Continuous infrastructure development without hindrances of moral code of conduct.
Historical Context
- The first general elections of India in 1951-1952 were conducted simultaneously at both parliament and state levels.
- This status was disrupted by the dissolution of state assemblies and implementation of emergency.
Early Elections
- The first elections of India after adopting the constitution in 1950 were held in 1951-1952.
- Simultaneous parliamentary and state legislative elections were held from 1951 to 1967.
- The Indian National Congress won the first democratic elections with a 46% voter turnout.
Evolution of the Indian Election System
- The Indian electoral system has evolved to reflect the changing dynamics of Indian politics since independence.
- Initial synchronised elections were continued through 1957, 1962, and 1967 but were disrupted due to various factors.
Major Events Leading to Disruption
- Split of Congress Party: Split into two factions led by Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate.
- 1971 Lok Sabha Election: Conducted prematurely leveraging Indira Gandhi's popularity post the India-Pakistan War.
- Emergency Period (1975-1977): Extension of Lok Sabha term by one year, disrupting the electoral cycle.
Present Scenario:
India is currently holding elections at various levels such as Lok Sabha, State Legislative and Local bodies elections. It conducts elections in five years for its lower house. State assembly and local elections were conducted per their schedule with a term of five years. Due to frequent national and legislative assembly elections, India always stays in an election mode. Another problem with frequent elections is the implementation of the Moral Code of Conduct by the Election Commission of India which hinders productivity by restricting the government's ability to announce new schemes, policies, or projects. Another issue with frequent elections is the continuous allocation of resources over a prolonged period creates fatigue for voters eventually leading to less voter turnout. In the current scenario, constant elections deflect the party's focus from governance and long-term planning to election campaigns.
Recent Steps:
- The Committee of Former President Ram Nath Kovind with nine members recommended holding elections simultaneously while calling it a "game-changer".
- Recently, the Law Minister has introduced a bill to implement the One Nation, One Election in the parliament sparking debate between the political thinkers and other stakeholders.
- The bill has been forwarded to a JPC (Joint Parliamentary Committee) for further discussion between both houses.
The proposal of One Nation, One Election has many inherent advantages such as cost efficiency, administrative effectiveness, reducing voter fatigue and many more.
Cost Efficiency:
One of the main advantages of one nation and one election is the cost-saving opportunity with this proposal. By holding elections simultaneously of both Lok Sabha and State Legislature, India can significantly reduce the financial burden on the government and stakeholders involved such as political parties and their businessman funding their rallies and events.
Currently, the financial expenditure of India is a hefty amount due to various factors such as operations of the election commission, security arrangements including deployment of central state police forces, etc.
Election Commission Operation:
There are various operations to be conducted by the Election Commission of India such as the deployment of the staff and resources repeatedly that creates a burden on staff due to multiple elections.
Security Deployment:
The Election Commission of India deploys heavy central and security forces to ensure free and fair elections. The extensive security measures and deployment of force regularly for various elections at different points of time in a year create fatigue and wastage of valuable resources.
Logistics:
Regular expenditure on logistics due to the irregular elections on transportation, installation and security of electronic voting machines and voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) can be reduced by conducting synchronised elections.
Publicity and Awareness Campaigns:
The continuous voter education and awareness campaigns directly increase the financial burden which can be reduced by synchronised elections while ensuring high voter turnout.
Political Party Expenditures:
The hefty expenditures by political parties on campaigns, rallies, advertisements, etc, can be contained which will ultimately help the businesses contributing to party funds.
Governance and Policy Implementation:
The Moral Code of Conduct implemented by the Election Commission before every election are guideline for the conduct of political parties and their candidates during elections. The main aim of implementing MCC is to provide equal opportunity to all parties and candidates.
Continuous Governance:
Synchronised elections will reduce the frequency of the Moral Code of Conduct implementation creating less interference, and allowing the government to function more smoothly while maintaining continuity in their policy implementation.
Efficient Resource Allocation:
An efficient resource allocation can take place by minimising the disturbance caused by the MCC. Government officers, security service officials and government school teachers can focus on their primary tasks and responsibilities instead of repeated election duties.
Enhanced Policy Formation:
Reducing election frequency will enable the government to focus on long-term policies rather than being in constant election mode. This policy will lead to more effective governance as policies will not be affected by the elections.
Timely Implementation of Welfare Schemes:
Synchronised elections will minimise interference and enable welfare schemes and development projects to be implemented more promptly. This will help the government ensure that the intended benefits reach the targeted citizens without delays.
Voter Fatigue:
Voter fatigue is considered a disinterest among voters due to the frequency and number of elections. The interest and enthusiasm of the voters diminish for participating in the electoral process when they are required to vote frequently. This ultimately led to lower voter turnout, disengagement of voters from the political process and resource strain. One Nation, One Election will resolve this issue by:
Increasing Voter Turnout:
By decreasing the number of elections, voters might be more inclined to participate in the elections leading to higher voter turnout and more transparent and fair elections.
Enhanced Engagement:
Reducing the number of elections will increase voter engagement as it will allow them to shift their focus from multiple elections to one single election as a significant electoral event.
Strengthened Democracy:
Higher voter turnout and engagement will strengthen democracy by enhancing voter quality and accurately reflecting the will of the people.
Efficient Use of Resources:
Synchronized elections will enable the political parties and candidates to allocate their resources effectively. It will also allow the Election Commission of India to focus and exhaust its resources on one synchronized election.
Administrative Efficiency:
Administrative efficiency is a term that refers to streamlining of management of resources, logistics, etc, that will be a result of synchronised elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies in India.
Optimal Utilisation of Security Forces:
A large number of security personnel are used during every election, including Central Armed Police Forces and state police to ensure a free and fair voting process. Conducting different elections in different states led to a regular mobilisation of these forces, increasing the cost and logistic challenges for the government. Synchronised elections will allow the government to deploy the forces more efficiently reducing the wastage of resources.
Streamlined Election Staffing:
Conducting elections differently requires a large number of election commission officers and administrative bodies employees for the management of polling stations, and overseeing the voting process, leading to duplication of efforts and burden. Simultaneous elections would enable the government and these bodies to focus their energy on a more coordinated effort and better resource management.
Better Coordination Among Agencies:
Synchronised elections will enable agencies such as the Election Commission of India, State election commissions, law enforcement agencies, and other administrative bodies to closely coordinate with each other to standardise the procedure and manage the resources efficiently leading to the growth of the overall effectiveness of the process.
Reduce Disruption of Government Functioning:
The regular election periods often divert government officials and public servants from their duties to manage and deal with the election process. This process often delays policy implementation and other essential government functions. Synchronised elections can reduce the disruption process to only once every five years, allowing government officials to work efficiently.
Challenges and Concerns:
The One Nation, One Election policy has many advantages in terms of implementation, but various challenges and concerns are rising with this policy that have to be addressed.
Constitutional and Legal Issues:
There are various challenges that "One Nation, One Election" especially constitutional and legal challenges due to the existing legal framework and the need for a constitutional amendment for synchronising elections.
Tenure of Legislation:
Article 83(2) of the constitution fixes the term of Lok Sabha as five years unless dissolved sooner. A similar tenure of 5 years is also given for State Legislative Assemblies under Article 172(1). Synchronisation of election will require the change in existing tenure by curtailing or extending it which will require constitutional amendment.
President's Rule:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election would require the imposition of President's rule in states where the elections are required before the original term is over. The use of Article 356 of the constitution will also disrupt the synchronization cycle until and unless other arrangements are made by the government.
Dissolution of Assemblies:
President and Governors are empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by the use of Articles 85 and 174 respectively, upon the advice of executives. Synchronisation of elections would require the dissolution of assemblies disrespecting the mandate of citizens.
Mid-Term Elections
Mid-term elections pose a great threat to the synchronisation of elections. If either Lok Sabha or State Legislative is dissolved prematurely, the elections have to be conducted mid-term potentially breaking the synchronisation.
Logistical Challenges
In the present scenario, India will face a lot of logistical hurdles due to the size of the country, its population, and its diverse terrain. Some of the key challenges are as follows:
Simultaneous Deployment of Resources:
The synchronised elections will require the simultaneous deployment of resources such as one million polling stations and voter-verified paper audit trail devices. The Election Commission of India must ensure the availability and proper functioning of these machines at the polling stations simultaneously, which is a massive task.
Human Resource Management:
A large number of employees are required for conducting elections simultaneously including election officers, polling staff and security officers. Training and deploying this huge workforce will be a huge challenge for the administrative system. Another challenge for such elections is the availability of security forces during a single election cycle.
Election Schedule and Weather Conditions:
India is a diverse country with various climatic conditions, such as monsoon rain in some areas and snowfall in others. These conditions make it extremely difficult to conduct elections simultaneously in all states. Conducting synchronised elections in India is an extreme task requiring a lot of planning and efficient resource allocation.
Storage and Security of EVMs and VVPATs:
The One Nation, One Election policy will require a large number of EVMs and VVPAT machines, which might bring another challenge to the table of synchronised elections. The number of EVMs will be multiplied by thrice compared to a single Lok Sabha Election, making it a challenge for the election officials and security forces to store and provide security to each machine for free and fair elections.
Political Dynamics: Impact on Local and National Parties
The implementation of the One Nation, One Election policy will largely impact political dynamics because of the change in issues and the impact of national challenges over local challenges.The dominance of National Issues:
One of the biggest challenges in the synchronised elections is the shift of the focus on the national issues ignoring the local issues, and prioritising the Lok Sabha elections. This will overshadow the concerns regarding a specific state issue. Local or regional parties will also face existential crisis due to the involvement of large and strong national parties.Campaigning challenges for Regional Parties:
Regional parties will require huge resources and organising capabilities for contesting elections at various constituencies in a synchronised election. Usually, regional parties operate with limited resources in comparison to national parties, providing them an undue advantage while interfering with the principle of free and fair elections.Marginalisation of Regional Interest:
The Synchronised election will prioritize the national interest over state-specific issues marginalising both regional interest and parties. A larger narrative will be likely to dominate the whole elections posing a threat to the federalism of India and the local interest of the citizens of India.Federal Structure: Concerns About Centralisation of Power:
India is a federal democracy with a slight advantage over the Central government. Implementation of synchronised elections will help the central government to influence the state and local elections by certain national issues overpowering centre over state governments.Centralisation of power:
Synchronised elections might create an image of state governments as subordinate to the central government. This policy weakens the federal balance between the centre and state governments embodied by the constitution where both the levels of government have different powers and responsibilities.Emergency Situation and Midterm Elections:
In a federal system of democracy, states might often face unique and challenging situations like the government losing the majority midterm or implementation of a state emergency by the President. The synchronised elections will force the governments to align their elections with Lok Sabha elections which might not be feasible during emergency situations.Practical Implementations for Federal Relations:
Frequent state elections create an accountability and check and balance system on the governments increasing the responsiveness of the parties at all the issues of local and national interest. Synchronised elections will create a longer time gap between the elections which might reduce the accountability and responsiveness of the parties and government at all levels.Conclusion:
The One Nation, One Election proposal is an innovative solution to the desynchronised elections in India by addressing challenges such as high cost, voter fatigue and resource wastage. Synchronised elections will help India to achieve greater administrative efficiency, efficient resource allocation, political stability and economic saving while ensuring high voter turnout, and free and fair elections.
This process will face various challenges in different segments such as constitutional amendments, logistical challenges and challenges to the federal system of India. There are also various concerns regarding the midterm elections, the dominance of national issues over regional and state-specific worries due to the importance and scope of the issues, and the strain of resources with the regional parties.
The successful implementation of the One Nation, One Election will require a comprehensive implementation strategy with a lot of planning, constitution amendments, infrastructural efficiency and political consensus. The careful evaluation of the long-term impact of One Nation, One Election on federalism, governance and public participation shall be an important part of the discussion before implementing this proposal.
This ambitious idea of synchronised election promises the evolution of the Indian Democracy. The parliament shall take a balanced approach to implementing this policy while taking the diverse interests of all the stakeholders into account as it will be critical for the sustainability and effectiveness of the democracy. One Nation, One Election is a proposal to synchronise all Indian elections on a single day or within a specific period. The practice of One Nation, One Election has continued since independence until 1967, when the premature dissolution of state assemblies disrupted it.
Background:
India, the world's largest democracy has a dynamic, complex and multi-tier system of elections. The Election Commission of India is responsible for the free and fair elections. The multi-tier electoral system includes the election of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and other local bodies. The first general elections of India were conducted in 1951-1952.
The Indian electoral system has evolved, such as the ballet system being replaced with Electoral Voting Machines (EVM). India is currently witnessing elections every year which hinders the growth and development of the country. The debate of One Nation, One Election was fumed after a High-Level Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of former President Ram Nath Kovind on 2nd September 2023.
Objective:
The objective behind the paper on the One Nation, One Election proposal in India is to comprehensively analyse the feasibility, benefits and challenges of implementing such a policy.
Feasibility of Policy:
The research paper analyses the financial and logistical aspects of implementing simultaneous elections for the multi-tier electoral system in India. It will also analyze the infrastructural capability, technological feasibility, and administrative efficiency.
Benefit Identification
- The potential advantages of One Nation and One Election will be analysed with special reference to cost, public engagement, etc.
- Economic benefits and fewer disruptions due to the moral code of conduct implemented by the election commission before every election.
Challenges in Implementation
- Issues and challenges that can occur during the implementation of this policy.
- Challenges such as legal changes, federal structure, political opposition, and constitutional amendment for the policy.
Providing Comparative Analysis
- Comparison of India's situation with other nations that have implemented or attempted to synchronise their electoral systems.
- Analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and lessons for implementing this policy.
Evaluation of Public and Political Opinion
- Analysis of the opinions of major stakeholders such as the general public, the Election Commission, and political leaders.
- Insight into opposition's opinion and its support for the proposal's acceptance and success.
Significance
- Enhancing Governance Efficiency:
- Reduction of disturbances created by frequent elections and moral code of conduct.
- Governments can focus on development and implementation of schemes.
- Economic Implication:
- Significant reduction of expenses on security, logistics, and administration.
- Optimisation of resources like polling staff and security officers.
- Political Stability:
- Promotion of political stability and reduction of political uncertainty.
- Continuous infrastructure development without hindrances of moral code of conduct.
Historical Context
- The first general elections of India in 1951-1952 were conducted simultaneously at both parliament and state levels.
- This status was disrupted by the dissolution of state assemblies and implementation of emergency.
Early Elections
- The first elections of India after adopting the constitution in 1950 were held in 1951-1952.
- Simultaneous parliamentary and state legislative elections were held from 1951 to 1967.
- The Indian National Congress won the first democratic elections with a 46% voter turnout.
Evolution of the Indian Election System
- The Indian electoral system has evolved to reflect the changing dynamics of Indian politics since independence.
- Initial synchronised elections were continued through 1957, 1962, and 1967 but were disrupted due to various factors.
Major Events Leading to Disruption
- Split of Congress Party: Split into two factions led by Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate.
- 1971 Lok Sabha Election: Conducted prematurely leveraging Indira Gandhi's popularity post the India-Pakistan War.
- Emergency Period (1975-1977): Extension of Lok Sabha term by one year, disrupting the electoral cycle.
Present Scenario:
India is currently holding elections at various levels such as Lok Sabha, State Legislative and Local bodies elections. It conducts elections in five years for its lower house. State assembly and local elections were conducted per their schedule with a term of five years. Due to frequent national and legislative assembly elections, India always stays in an election mode. Another problem with frequent elections is the implementation of the Moral Code of Conduct by the Election Commission of India which hinders productivity by restricting the government's ability to announce new schemes, policies, or projects. Another issue with frequent elections is the continuous allocation of resources over a prolonged period creates fatigue for voters eventually leading to less voter turnout. In the current scenario, constant elections deflect the party's focus from governance and long-term planning to election campaigns.
Recent Steps:
- The Committee of Former President Ram Nath Kovind with nine members recommended holding elections simultaneously while calling it a "game-changer".
- Recently, the Law Minister has introduced a bill to implement the One Nation, One Election in the parliament sparking debate between the political thinkers and other stakeholders.
- The bill has been forwarded to a JPC (Joint Parliamentary Committee) for further discussion between both houses.
The proposal of One Nation, One Election has many inherent advantages such as cost efficiency, administrative effectiveness, reducing voter fatigue and many more.
Cost Efficiency:
One of the main advantages of one nation and one election is the cost-saving opportunity with this proposal. By holding elections simultaneously of both Lok Sabha and State Legislature, India can significantly reduce the financial burden on the government and stakeholders involved such as political parties and their businessman funding their rallies and events.
Currently, the financial expenditure of India is a hefty amount due to various factors such as operations of the election commission, security arrangements including deployment of central state police forces, etc.
Election Commission Operation:
There are various operations to be conducted by the Election Commission of India such as the deployment of the staff and resources repeatedly that creates a burden on staff due to multiple elections.
Security Deployment:
The Election Commission of India deploys heavy central and security forces to ensure free and fair elections. The extensive security measures and deployment of force regularly for various elections at different points of time in a year create fatigue and wastage of valuable resources.
Logistics:
Regular expenditure on logistics due to the irregular elections on transportation, installation and security of electronic voting machines and voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) can be reduced by conducting synchronised elections.
Publicity and Awareness Campaigns:
The continuous voter education and awareness campaigns directly increase the financial burden which can be reduced by synchronised elections while ensuring high voter turnout.
Political Party Expenditures:
The hefty expenditures by political parties on campaigns, rallies, advertisements, etc, can be contained which will ultimately help the businesses contributing to party funds.
Governance and Policy Implementation:
The Moral Code of Conduct implemented by the Election Commission before every election are guideline for the conduct of political parties and their candidates during elections. The main aim of implementing MCC is to provide equal opportunity to all parties and candidates.
Continuous Governance:
Synchronised elections will reduce the frequency of the Moral Code of Conduct implementation creating less interference, and allowing the government to function more smoothly while maintaining continuity in their policy implementation.
Efficient Resource Allocation:
An efficient resource allocation can take place by minimising the disturbance caused by the MCC. Government officers, security service officials and government school teachers can focus on their primary tasks and responsibilities instead of repeated election duties.
Enhanced Policy Formation:
Reducing election frequency will enable the government to focus on long-term policies rather than being in constant election mode. This policy will lead to more effective governance as policies will not be affected by the elections.
Timely Implementation of Welfare Schemes:
Synchronised elections will minimise interference and enable welfare schemes and development projects to be implemented more promptly. This will help the government ensure that the intended benefits reach the targeted citizens without delays.
Voter Fatigue:
Voter fatigue is considered a disinterest among voters due to the frequency and number of elections. The interest and enthusiasm of the voters diminish for participating in the electoral process when they are required to vote frequently. This ultimately led to lower voter turnout, disengagement of voters from the political process and resource strain. One Nation, One Election will resolve this issue by:
Increasing Voter Turnout:
By decreasing the number of elections, voters might be more inclined to participate in the elections leading to higher voter turnout and more transparent and fair elections.
Enhanced Engagement:
Reducing the number of elections will increase voter engagement as it will allow them to shift their focus from multiple elections to one single election as a significant electoral event.
Strengthened Democracy:
Higher voter turnout and engagement will strengthen democracy by enhancing voter quality and accurately reflecting the will of the people.
Efficient Use of Resources:
Synchronized elections will enable the political parties and candidates to allocate their resources effectively. It will also allow the Election Commission of India to focus and exhaust its resources on one synchronized election.
Administrative Efficiency:
Administrative efficiency is a term that refers to streamlining of management of resources, logistics, etc, that will be a result of synchronised elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies in India.
Optimal Utilisation of Security Forces:
A large number of security personnel are used during every election, including Central Armed Police Forces and state police to ensure a free and fair voting process. Conducting different elections in different states led to a regular mobilisation of these forces, increasing the cost and logistic challenges for the government. Synchronised elections will allow the government to deploy the forces more efficiently reducing the wastage of resources.
Streamlined Election Staffing:
Conducting elections differently requires a large number of election commission officers and administrative bodies employees for the management of polling stations, and overseeing the voting process, leading to duplication of efforts and burden. Simultaneous elections would enable the government and these bodies to focus their energy on a more coordinated effort and better resource management.
Better Coordination Among Agencies:
Synchronised elections will enable agencies such as the Election Commission of India, State election commissions, law enforcement agencies, and other administrative bodies to closely coordinate with each other to standardise the procedure and manage the resources efficiently leading to the growth of the overall effectiveness of the process.
Reduce Disruption of Government Functioning:
The regular election periods often divert government officials and public servants from their duties to manage and deal with the election process. This process often delays policy implementation and other essential government functions. Synchronised elections can reduce the disruption process to only once every five years, allowing government officials to work efficiently.
Challenges and Concerns:
The One Nation, One Election policy has many advantages in terms of implementation, but various challenges and concerns are rising with this policy that have to be addressed.
Constitutional and Legal Issues:
There are various challenges that "One Nation, One Election" especially constitutional and legal challenges due to the existing legal framework and the need for a constitutional amendment for synchronising elections.
Tenure of Legislation:
Article 83(2) of the constitution fixes the term of Lok Sabha as five years unless dissolved sooner. A similar tenure of 5 years is also given for State Legislative Assemblies under Article 172(1). Synchronisation of election will require the change in existing tenure by curtailing or extending it which will require constitutional amendment.
President's Rule:
The proposal of One Nation, One Election would require the imposition of President's rule in states where the elections are required before the original term is over. The use of Article 356 of the constitution will also disrupt the synchronization cycle until and unless other arrangements are made by the government.
Dissolution of Assemblies:
President and Governors are empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by the use of Articles 85 and 174 respectively, upon the advice of executives. Synchronisation of elections would require the dissolution of assemblies disrespecting the mandate of citizens.
Mid-Term Elections
Mid-term elections pose a great threat to the synchronisation of elections. If either Lok Sabha or State Legislative is dissolved prematurely, the elections have to be conducted mid-term potentially breaking the synchronisation.
Logistical Challenges
In the present scenario, India will face a lot of logistical hurdles due to the size of the country, its population, and its diverse terrain. Some of the key challenges are as follows:
Simultaneous Deployment of Resources:
The synchronised elections will require the simultaneous deployment of resources such as one million polling stations and voter-verified paper audit trail devices. The Election Commission of India must ensure the availability and proper functioning of these machines at the polling stations simultaneously, which is a massive task.
Human Resource Management:
A large number of employees are required for conducting elections simultaneously including election officers, polling staff and security officers. Training and deploying this huge workforce will be a huge challenge for the administrative system. Another challenge for such elections is the availability of security forces during a single election cycle.
Election Schedule and Weather Conditions:
India is a diverse country with various climatic conditions, such as monsoon rain in some areas and snowfall in others. These conditions make it extremely difficult to conduct elections simultaneously in all states. Conducting synchronised elections in India is an extreme task requiring a lot of planning and efficient resource allocation.
Storage and Security of EVMs and VVPATs:
The One Nation, One Election policy will require a large number of EVMs and VVPAT machines, which might bring another challenge to the table of synchronised elections. The number of EVMs will be multiplied by thrice compared to a single Lok Sabha Election, making it a challenge for the election officials and security forces to store and provide security to each machine for free and fair elections.
Political Dynamics: Impact on Local and National Parties
The implementation of the One Nation, One Election policy will largely impact political dynamics because of the change in issues and the impact of national challenges over local challenges.The dominance of National Issues:
One of the biggest challenges in the synchronised elections is the shift of the focus on the national issues ignoring the local issues, and prioritising the Lok Sabha elections. This will overshadow the concerns regarding a specific state issue. Local or regional parties will also face existential crisis due to the involvement of large and strong national parties.Campaigning challenges for Regional Parties:
Regional parties will require huge resources and organising capabilities for contesting elections at various constituencies in a synchronised election. Usually, regional parties operate with limited resources in comparison to national parties, providing them an undue advantage while interfering with the principle of free and fair elections.Marginalisation of Regional Interest:
The Synchronised election will prioritize the national interest over state-specific issues marginalising both regional interest and parties. A larger narrative will be likely to dominate the whole elections posing a threat to the federalism of India and the local interest of the citizens of India.Federal Structure: Concerns About Centralisation of Power:
India is a federal democracy with a slight advantage over the Central government. Implementation of synchronised elections will help the central government to influence the state and local elections by certain national issues overpowering centre over state governments.Centralisation of power:
Synchronised elections might create an image of state governments as subordinate to the central government. This policy weakens the federal balance between the centre and state governments embodied by the constitution where both the levels of government have different powers and responsibilities.Emergency Situation and Midterm Elections:
In a federal system of democracy, states might often face unique and challenging situations like the government losing the majority midterm or implementation of a state emergency by the President. The synchronised elections will force the governments to align their elections with Lok Sabha elections which might not be feasible during emergency situations.Practical Implementations for Federal Relations:
Frequent state elections create an accountability and check and balance system on the governments increasing the responsiveness of the parties at all the issues of local and national interest. Synchronised elections will create a longer time gap between the elections which might reduce the accountability and responsiveness of the parties and government at all levels.Conclusion:
The One Nation, One Election proposal is an innovative solution to the desynchronised elections in India by addressing challenges such as high cost, voter fatigue and resource wastage. Synchronised elections will help India to achieve greater administrative efficiency, efficient resource allocation, political stability and economic saving while ensuring high voter turnout, and free and fair elections.
This process will face various challenges in different segments such as constitutional amendments, logistical challenges and challenges to the federal system of India. There are also various concerns regarding the midterm elections, the dominance of national issues over regional and state-specific worries due to the importance and scope of the issues, and the strain of resources with the regional parties.
The successful implementation of the One Nation, One Election will require a comprehensive implementation strategy with a lot of planning, constitution amendments, infrastructural efficiency and political consensus. The careful evaluation of the long-term impact of One Nation, One Election on federalism, governance and public participation shall be an important part of the discussion before implementing this proposal.
This ambitious idea of synchronised election promises the evolution of the Indian Democracy. The parliament shall take a balanced approach to implementing this policy while taking the diverse interests of all the stakeholders into account as it will be critical for the sustainability and effectiveness of the democracy.
Also Read:
- One Nation, One Election: A Critical Analysis
- One Nation, One Election: A Fix Without A Flaw
- One Nation, One Election from a constitutional perspective
- Towards One Nation, One Election: Exploring Reforms and Implications for Governance in India
- One Nation, One Election: A Critical Analysis of Its Merits, Challenges, and Feasibility in India's Democracy
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