Within the discipline of criminology, feminist criminology has become a
vibrant and significant subfield that challenges conventional views on crime,
criminal justice, and social inequality. An overview of the growing significance
of feminist criminology as a unique and developing field of research is given in
this abstract. In the past, criminology has largely ignored the special
experiences and problems that women encounter in favor of concentrating on the
experiences and viewpoints of men.
By closely analyzing the connections between
gender, crime, and justice, feminist criminology aims to overcome this gender
prejudice. This multidisciplinary approach, which draws inspiration from
feminist theory and activism, seeks to identify and confront the gendered power
structures that underpin victimization, crime, and the criminal justice system.
The investigation of gendered victimization and offending patterns, the social
construction of gendered identities in connection to crime, and the analysis of
the responses of the criminal justice system to female offenders and victims are
some of the major topics in feminist criminology. It draws attention to the ways
in which experiences within the criminal justice system are influenced by the
intersections of gender with other social categories, including race, class, and
sexual orientation.
The theoretical foundations of feminist criminology, such as intersectionality and the social constructionist method, will be covered in
detail in this abstract. Feminist criminologists have brought attention to how
gender influences victimization trends, criminal behavior, and the response of
criminal justice systems by embracing these viewpoints. This abstract will also
go over how feminist criminology has affected the criminal justice system.
The
influence of feminist criminology on the field of criminal justice research and
policy will also be covered in this abstract. It has affected the methods used
to gather, examine, and evaluate crime statistics, which has improved our
knowledge of the differences between male and female victimization and crime
rates.
Introduction And Review Of Literature:
Within the larger feminist movement, feminist criminology is a subfield of
criminology that arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is a critical
viewpoint that uses a gendered lens to study and comprehend crime, criminal
justice systems, and related societal concerns. Even though feminist criminology
has been developing for a number of years, it is still becoming more and more
recognized as a separate academic discipline. Feminist criminology's primary
goals are to investigate how victimization, crime, and the criminal justice
system are shaped by gender. It questions established criminological ideas and
methods that have frequently ignored the experiences and viewpoints of women in
favor of a male-centered perspective.
Feminist criminologists contend that
knowledge of the social, cultural, and economic elements influencing women's
lives and experiences is necessary to comprehend crime and its causes. Examining
how gender affects crime is one of feminist criminology's major contributions.
It draws attention to the ways that victimization patterns, criminal conduct,
and reactions to crime are influenced by patriarchal systems and gender
disparities. Feminist criminologists study a variety of gendered crimes, such as
domestic abuse, sexual assault, and other crimes that disproportionately impact
women. The interconnectedness of gender with other social categories, including
race, class, and sexual orientation, is also acknowledged by feminist
criminology.
It recognizes that women's experiences of crime and victimization
are influenced by a variety of intersecting identities and that the complexity
of these intersections must be taken into account when responding to these
experiences. The rising prominence of feminist criminology can be attributed to
the growing recognition of gender-based violence and inequalities in societies
worldwide.
The feminist movement's achievements in raising awareness about
issues such as sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and women's rights
have contributed to the increased focus on gender in criminological research and
policy-making. Moreover, feminist criminology has influenced policy reforms and
interventions aimed at addressing gender disparities in the criminal justice
system. It has contributed to the development of specialized courts, support
services for victims of gender-based violence, and policies that prioritize
prevention and early intervention.
Meaning & Scope:
The phrase "feminist
criminology" refers to both the methods and a comprehensive theoretical
framework that form the gender experiences at the center of criminology and
criminal behavior research. A wide range of subjects are also discussed, such as
female offenders, female victims, the ways in which female criminals respond,
and the particular requirements of female prisoners.
The legal system's
shortcomings, which prohibit it from accounting for the notable distinctions
between the ways in which men and women commit crimes, the kinds of crimes they
commit, the victims they harm, and the penalties they face, are confronted by
feminist criminology. The basis of the study are male criminality and the
treatment of male offenders by the legal system. According to criminology
researchers and students, there has historically been a belief that, when
looking at a general crime, one should concentrate on crimes committed by men,
with female offenders being something of an exception. Here is the history of
the development and notoriety of the feminist criminology subfield.
Need For The Development In The Field:
Women have mostly been ignored in criminology and related fields of study. Men
have dominated the field of criminology's development, construction, and
dissemination. Claiming that women are not the only people who should be ignored
is hardly a satisfying or rational response, and the exclusion of women from the
analysis presents a number of significant problems with the analyses'
applicability that must be resolved. Furthermore, when criminologists talk about
women who commit crimes, they do it in a very stereotyped way and think that
these people are strange. Stated differently, people have generally been
portrayed based on their psychological and biological makeup. To replicate the
current frameworks for criminologies, we need to pay close attention to
attention to the widespread female enterprise.
Background Of Feminist Criminology:
Sociologists just began to focus on female criminality in the late 1950s,
despite the fact that it is not a recent phenomenon. The names Putna from the
Mahabharata, who used to feed infants poison, and Swarpanakha from the Ramayana,
who drove the nation to the brink of war because her desire was not sated by Ram
and Laxman, are still widely used today. Due to the increase in women's
engagement in criminal activity, women's criminal behavior has just recently
come to light. Women's crime research has been disregarded for a very long time.
Historically, men have dominated the subject of criminology, with male scholars
mostly concentrating on male criminals.The people who report and analyze these
events for us are overwhelmingly male. Perhaps because of their small number,
non-dominant position, and the seeming rarity of excessive severity from their
guards, women prisoners have gotten less treatment. Lately, women have begun to
participate in a wide range of social activities, such as academic, scientific,
cultural, and other productive and non-productive endeavors. The growing
participation of women in these specific fields is one of the factors that may
be responsible for the increase in the rates of female criminality.
Theories Relating To Feminist Criminology:
- Liberal Feminist Theory Liberal feminism's main tenet is that women are
subjected to unjust treatment and discrimination because of their gender.
And the reason for this might be to keep women from accessing chances that
are on par with those available to men in every aspect of life, such as
jobs, politics, and personal relationships. The question of "What can be
done to address this issue of gender inequality?" has to be considered. The
"rapid incorporation" of women into a male-dominated environment is the
solution, and it makes perfect sense in most cases. This means providing
women with equal opportunities and helping them to hold positions of
influence over national policy.
The Liberal Feminist Theory is predicated on the notion that, as women gain
more autonomy, it is possible to witness them engaging in criminal
activities like to those committed by men. But at this point, there isn't
enough first-hand data. Because of the growing prevalence of poverty, it is
evident that women are currently only involved in petty offenses like
shoplifting and small-scale fraud. Not only that, but these offenses occur
significantly less frequently than crimes committed by men. Individuals who
attempt to challenge the prevailing patriarchal perspective on gender norms
are perceived as "unruly" women who require correction.
Liberal feminism's main tenet is that women are subjected to
unjust treatment and discrimination because of their gender. And the reason for
this might be to keep women from accessing chances that are on par with those
available to men in every aspect of life, such as jobs, politics, and personal
relationships. The question of "What can be done to address this issue of gender
inequality?" has to be considered.
The "rapid incorporation" of women into a
male-dominated environment is the solution, and it makes perfect sense in most
cases. This means providing women with equal opportunities and helping them to
hold positions of influence over national policy.
The Liberal Feminist Theory is
predicated on the notion that, as women gain more autonomy, it is possible to 8
witness them engaging in criminal activities like to those committed by men. But
at this point, there isn't enough first-hand data. Because of the growing
prevalence of poverty, it is evident that women are currently only involved in
petty offenses like shoplifting and small-scale fraud. Not only that, but these
offenses occur significantly less frequently than crimes committed by men.
Individuals who attempt to challenge the prevailing patriarchal perspective on
gender norms are perceived as "unruly" women who require correction.
- Radical Feminist Theory This theory initially criticized the
assertions made by "Liberal Feminist Theory" by calling it unduly
simplistic. It has also influenced feminists' perspectives on issues like
maltreatment of women. These feminists contend that male power and the
privileges bestowed upon it are major causes of gender inequity,
dysfunctional social interactions, and criminality. • Patriarchy is arguably
the most prominent societal system in existence. It is exemplified by the
way men govern women's sexuality and the workforce. This primary link
supersedes all other relationships (like class, for example), which
originate from male-female relations in society. According to radical
feminist, the following are the main causes of gender inequality and male
dominance. Men's unsatisfied desire to control women's sexuality.
Authority : the privilege of men in positions of power and the unfair portrayal
of women. It mostly focuses on how mistreated women are and how they handle
aggression from men. Males often physically, sexually, and even psychologically
abuse women because they desire to control them and their potential. Regardless
of its theory or ideology, the main objective of feminism is to draw women into
society and social connections rather than to exclude men. As a result, gender
discrimination of any kind will ultimately be successfully eradicated.
- Marxist Theory of Feminism Proponents of the "Marxist" feminist
theory contend that social interactions are primarily shaped by the economic
structure of society. It backs the liberal feminist theory, which maintains
that because women live in a world where men predominate, they don't have
enough opportunities to participate in society. The structure of an economy
is the primary cause of gender inequality and social division. The
intensification of sexual violence and gender inequality is a result of
class societies' accumulation of exploitative production techniques.
CRIMINALITY AMONGST WOMEN
People of all genders, including women, can commit crimes. Despite the
historical overrepresentation of men in crime statistics, it's critical to
acknowledge that women are not exempt from criminal activity. Women's criminal
behavior can be caused by a wide range of variables, such as personal
situations, psychological issues, socioeconomic conditions, and individual
decisions.
It is important to remember that women may commit different types and
frequencies of crimes than do men. Compared to men, women are typically less
likely to commit violent or major crimes. Property crimes, fraud, drug offenses,
prostitution-related offenses, and some sorts of white-collar crimes are among
the frequent criminal activity committed by women.
It's critical to take into
account both prospective solutions and underlying causes while tackling female
criminality. It is crucial to take into account both preventative measures and
potential rehabilitative strategies for those who have engaged in criminal
activity when addressing female crime. Criminal activity can be influenced by
societal variables such as exposure to violence, poverty, illiteracy, and
restricted work prospects. Reducing female criminality and fostering their
reintegration into society can be greatly aided by addressing these underlying
problems through social support networks, education, healthcare access, and
rehabilitation initiatives.
History Of Criminality Amongst Women:
The topic of women's criminal history is intricate and multidimensional. Women
have committed a variety of crimes throughout history, but male criminality has
frequently cast a shadow over their involvement in crime. It's critical to
recognize that conceptions of women's crime have changed over time, with society
attitudes and legal systems having a major influence on these
developments.Women's roles were mostly restricted to the home in ancient
societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, which reduced their potential for
criminal activity. Nonetheless, there are documented cases of female criminals
including theft, adultery, and homicide. Their acts were frequently seen as
moral violations rather than crimes as defined by the legal systems.
Witchcraft
trials emerged as a significant facet of female criminality during the Middle
Ages and the Renaissance. Numerous accusations of witchcraft were made against
thousands of women, frequently due to societal unrest, religious zeal, or
superstition. Many of these accusations were rooted in misogyny and the
perception of women as morally weak and susceptible to evil. In the 18th and
19th centuries, as industrialization and urbanization transformed society,
women's involvement in criminal activities expanded.
Economic hardship, poverty,
and limited employment opportunities drove some women to engage in theft,
prostitution, and fraud. Women were often involved in criminal enterprises such
as pickpocketing, shoplifting, and running brothels. However, it's essential to
recognize that the majority of women during this period led law-abiding lives
despite the challenging circumstances. In the late 19th and early 20th
centuries,the suffrage and women's rights movements brought attention to women's
issues, including their involvement in criminal behavior.
As societal attitudes
shifted, women's criminality began to be viewed through a more nuanced lens. The
temperance movement and the Prohibition era in the United States saw an increase
in female involvement in bootlegging and organized crime. Throughout the 20th
century, women's involvement in crime continued to evolve. Women became more
active in political movements, engaging in civil disobedience and acts of
protest.
Additionally, with the rise of feminist movements, women's criminality
started to be examined from a gendered perspective, acknowledging the social,
economic, and cultural factors that contribute to criminal behavior. It's
important to note that statistical data on women's criminality can be
challenging to obtain and interpret accurately. The underreporting of female
crimes and biased legal systems may contribute to an incomplete understanding of
the extent of women's criminal involvement throughout history.
Female Criminality In India:
Female criminality in India, like in any other country, is a complex and
multifaceted issue. While women generally have lower crime rates compared to
men, they do participate in criminal activities, and it's important to
understand the factors that contribute to female criminality in India. The
methods listed below can assist you in comprehending the nature of female
criminality in India.
- Socioeconomic Factors: Women may turn to criminal activity as a result of poverty, illiteracy, and a lack of job possibilities. In an effort to survive or support their families, some women who experience economic hardship and social marginalization may turn to crimes including drug trafficking, prostitution, and theft.
- Domestic Violence and Abuse: In order to defend themselves or get out of harmful situations, women who have experienced domestic violence or abuse may turn to criminal activity. While some may turn on their oppressors in retaliation, others may turn to illegal activity in order to become financially independent of them.
- Crimes Associated with Dowries: India has a history of crimes relating to dowries, in which women are killed, abused physically, or both for refusing to give their in-laws the requested amount. In severe situations, women may turn to illegal acts—like killing or self-harming—in an effort to protect themselves or flee the abuse.
- Prostitution and Trafficking: In India, there is a serious worry over the criminal involvement of women in human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking. Women who are poor, uneducated, and exploited are more likely to be trafficked or coerced into prostitution. Although the victims are mainly taken advantage of, their involvement in unlawful actions may result in criminal charges against them as well.
- Violent Crimes: Women can be involved in violent crimes including assault, murder, or kidnapping, however they are less frequent. These crimes may be driven by personal disputes, revenge, or involvement in organized crime networks.
Conclusion
To sum up, feminist criminology is a vibrant and developing subject that
provides insightful knowledge on the ways in which gender influences crime,
victimization, and the criminal justice system. Its increasing notoriety is a
reflection of the growing appreciation of the value of gender perspectives in
comprehending and resolving issues related to crime.
Feminist criminology is expected to have a major impact on research, practices,
and policies aiming at attaining justice and equality for everyone as long as
societies struggle with gender inequality and violence. Speaking about female
criminality also requires avoiding stigmatization or assumptions. Not all women
commit crimes, therefore it's important to handle each case separately and
provide everyone involved the support and justice they need.
Women's criminal histories are a reflection of the larger social and cultural
environments in which they were raised. Social attitudes, economic challenges,
gender stereotypes, and limited possibilities have all had an impact on women's
engagement in criminal activity. It is critical to keep analyzing women's
criminality within a larger framework that takes into account the intricate
interactions between historical, social, and gender variables as society
develops.
It is significant to highlight that due to differences in socioeconomic
conditions, cultural standards, and methods of law enforcement, the prevalence
and kinds of female criminality might vary throughout India. The criminal
justice system in India is being strengthened, gender equality is being
promoted, socioeconomic situations are being improved, and educational
possibilities are being expanded in an attempt to combat female criminality. In
addition, programs that empower women, educate people about their rights, and
offer assistance to victims of gender-based violence can help lower the risk
that women will commit crimes.
Implications Of Feminist Criminology:
Neglecting female offenders: The possibility of both male and female offenders
was not taken into consideration by earlier criminologies. There's been a
long-standing assumption that when we talk about "offenders," men will always be
involved. Furthermore, every individual or biological issue was amplified by the
discussion of female criminals.
They were explained in terms of biology. The way that feminist writing
highlights the treatment of women in the country's criminal justice system is
another significant impact. It has contributed to changing the antiquated and
ambiguous assumption of "common sense" by addressing the historical notion that
women benefited from gallantry within a culture dominated by men and therefore
had more forgiving punishments. Domestic abuse and female sexual assault are two
previously unrecognized concerns that have gained attention due to the advent of
feminist philosophy.
The defense of women and girls against male aggression has been bolstered by
female literature, which has also raised questions about whether victims or
survivors should receive assistance. The extent to which criminal activity is
gendered has come under scrutiny, raising questions such as "Why do female
offenders commit so few offences while male offenders commit so many?" Due to
the perception that men are more likely to commit crimes, these relatively low
crime rates have been associated with femininity.
Whether It Is Righteous To Give A Feminist Perspective To Crime?
Every hypothesis has its share of shortcomings and potential critics.
Criminology by feminists is not any different. We need to be aware of some of
the things that feminist concepts leave out. that are: Crimes categorized as
"underclass" and indicating "class conflict" are committed by women. The
majority of women behind bars experience poverty. It's a common claim that
separatists have a secret agenda and that feminist criminology is gender
centric. Gender-based crime classification causes a divide between the sexes.
This prejudice is completely inappropriate because both the actus reus and mens
rea—the ingredients necessary for a crime to be committed—must be established,
and the guilty mind cannot be identified just on a person's gender. It is
important to note that in order for a woman to benefit from legal rights, she
must also bear equal responsibility for any wrongdoing on her part.
The Unexplored Facets:
Developing ideas about women's social and structural responsibilities in society
as well as their lives may be a very successful strategy for comprehending the
paths that lead women to become criminals. In discussing crime and justice,
certain feminist ideologies give gender greater privileges than racial
privileges. It's challenging to deal with this in an effective way and
acknowledge how it also skews our understanding of the main issues. It is
commonly asserted that by applying a "gendered lens," we can better comprehend
the features of problems associated to crime.
However, something that often goes unrecognized is that gender often distorts
the clarity that has been purportedly enhanced by it. It is also worthwhile to
debate whether we really need to address issues like those that fall under the
purview of "feminism." Is it not feasible to develop a fresh, gender-sensitive,
anti-discriminatory, and reflective humanist criminology? In and of itself, it
is controversial.
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