"Each leaf that falls carries the story of seasons past, a memoir etched in the bark of time, imploring us to script a tale of conservation against the chapters of climate change & as dew kisses the forest floor, it writes poetry in droplets, a sonnet of renewal echoing the imperative verses of our commitment to heal our climate's wounds." -- Vishal Banga

Abstract
In this century, we are facing a biggest challenge on environmental degradation problems. Not only any specific country , all the countries which are the part of higher industrialization scale are responsible for environmental degradation. All the developed and developing countries are making their contribution by taking part in various international treaties or convention e.g. Kyoto Protocol, UNFCC , Montreal Protocol , Stockholm Conference , Rio Deceleration etc. As a member of globalized world , each country needs to participate for the protection of Environment by putting required efforts.

We have adopt the precautionary measures and also have to be eco friendly and adopting the national level framework on national basis. The developed countries have also tried to maintain and take all safety and protective measures for environmental protection & it would not be easier for a single nation to protect the environment . USA and UK and all other European countries did not support some conventios, which is a major concern for some countries. USA has a bigger contribution towards protection of Environmental ethics, whenever USA comes it comes along with many countries which is really a great achievement for any international framework.

Climate change:

Western world Europe (US then) industrialized very early i.e., in 18th century middle and are now in a developed state with a surplus wealth, but Asian and African countries which are still under developing state, the present CO2 necessarily need not be only from present. It also past (150 - 200 years CO2 remain in atmosphere. How fare is it to blame countries like India and China. (Data tells China is world's largest emitter of CO2, then come India in 2nd place). In recent COP 26 meeting (Glasgow) leaders of several countries started blaming us, India. (a harsh reality is missing).

United states and Canada which lectures world on climate change, but per capita emission of CO2 of a US citizen in far north-eastern more (multiple times) more than a developing country. (What does per capita emission mean??... each one of us use electricity and appliances ranging from lights, TV, Fridge, Vacuum cleaner etc. etc. .

End of the day this electricity is majorly supplied by a thermal power plant, in which coal in burnt to boil water to get steam which is used to turn a turban to give mechanical energy and this is then converted into chemical energy through generator So, what does this to deal with per capita CO2 emission?? . So more luxurious the life style is the more electricity we are consuming hence indirectly burning coal to give CO2).1
Why to be so radicle? 

The conclusion I would like to give is somewhere someone (a group) is spending their life using utensil cleaners, vacuum cleaners, late night party and etc. and their life style is affecting people living in other part of the life.

Something happening is some part of the world may not affect that part of world but effects people living somewhere in this planet.

The worldwide normal temperature has risen by around 1C since pre-industrial times. This greatness and rate of warming cannot be clarified by characteristic varieties alone and must fundamentally take into consideration changes due to human exercises. Emanations of nursery gasses (GHGs), pressurized canned products and changes in arrive utilize and arrive cover (LULC) amid the mechanical period have considerably modified the air composition, and thus the planetary vitality adjust, and are in this way essentially dependable for the present-day climate alter.

Warming since the 1950s has as of now contributed to a noteworthy increment in climate and climate extremes all inclusive (e.g., warm waves, dry spells, overwhelming precipitation, and serious tornados), changes in precipitation and wind designs (counting shifts within the worldwide storm frameworks), warming and fermentation of the worldwide seas, dissolving of ocean ice and icy masses, rising ocean levels, and changes in marine and earthbound environments.

Sustainability is all about living now consciously without compromising the present but also taking into consideration the future. But the actions made by people now and affecting in some way or the other in this generation itself. (Why to think of future) actions of one part of world are affecting other part of the world in that instant itself.
Now let us be bit technical. What does global warming mean ??... what is greenhouse effect??.... What is this green house and why do we call it green house ?? How to understand it and what consequences the world will face.

I guess we have seen these framed structures what do we call them? Yes, we called them green house. Why green house is it green in color? Obviously not we call them green house because the foliage is always green inside these structures and farming in done in these framed structures, i.e., we can grow off season crop in these, suppose a vegetable producer want his vegetable to be in market throughout year (in all seasons). So, a summer season vegetable can also be grown in winter if these framed structures are available and quality of producer will be good. We have to go to basic science to understand this in cruder way. 2

Sun, the ultimate source of energy is source for the electromagnetic spectrum. This solar energy is used to make food by plant (i.e., CO2 is reduced to make Glucose because of chlorophyll pigment and in presence of water because water is electron donor over here.

Solar radiations are short wave length when they strike earth surface but when these radiations reflect back their nature is changed and now, they are long wave radiations as energy is reduced.

And these long wave radiations do not pass outside through the green house (which is made up of glass, polyethylene, acrylic etc.) hence glass permit short wave radiations and not long wave.

Hence, we feel warmer ness inside a green house in a cold winter day.

Hence in short day conditions when net radiation energy is less reaching on earth surface, using these greenhouses we can keep the environment within this house warm (microclimate manipulation). Hence plants can be grown even in offseason.

Now let's understand how is this greenhouse effect term related to global warming?

Starting of the report we spoke of CO2 levels increasing in atmosphere, why should we bother of this thing because CO2 presence will lead to good plant growth and good photosynthesis (more CO2 definitely led to good plant growth) (moreover the 0.03% CO2 is very important for life to sustain on earth or else earth will be hot in day and freeze cold in night) however when CO2 is excess in atmosphere this is a big concern.

CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG), short wave solar radiations will enter earth and become long wave on getting reflected by earth surface, but this CO2 reflect back these radiations back onto earth atmosphere. Hence more and more CO2 in atmosphere is very much similar to the frame cover (glass) in a green house and this leads to a warmer climate, makes globe warm and this melts the polar ice leading to increase in sea water level and this will lead to sinking of several island countries and cities which are in coastal areas in near future.Not just increase in sea level, this would also lead to several natural disasters becomes more frequent (landslides, Earthquakes, droughts in few parts, floods in few parts).

This would affect the food security of the world (lets be specific developing world i.e., Africa and Asia and also Latin America). These issues don't bother us. But it must. It doesn't bother us because most of us are not experiencing it. We cannot see climate change.

These many days, months we were thinking this issue will affect our future generations (we didn't bother them. In fact, I felt why should I bother) But in near times seeing news, it's an established fact that we can see climate change. Every natural disaster is extreme and frequent now.

Let's now shift the focus into yet another environmental issue i.e., forest degradation. Forest, any topography ranging from mountain, Sloppy land to plain which is covered with trees, shrubs, herbs, creeps, climbers and several wild animals.

This is what we imagine when we speak of forests and these forests benefit the country as a whole by acting as a long-term (permanent) asset so that the state earn revenue from it, getting goods from it (timber, food, feed etc.)

In global level forests are sink for CO2. As stated before also when dumped CO2 in atmosphere it would be as such in atmosphere unchanged for 150 - 200 years. So, it's important to search sink so that this CO2 would be fixed into some complex organic matter.

The best is plants (forest and forest cover in broad realistic sense) (Carbon cycle Hemic substances and understanding how exactly this atmospheric CO2 is fixed in soil is out of scope of this report).

But forest degradation will affect different people in different way, i.e., for tribal community it is directly going to affect their life in ground reality.
Followed by them it's going to affect each one of us in broad sense. Effect ecological balance, effect food chain. 6

We always speak of UNFCCC, UNEP and several protocol such as Kyoto protocol, Paris agreement all of which are related to climate change and global warming however let's appreciate Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) (Organization which won noble peace prize in 2007) which is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations responsible for advancing knowledge on human induced climate change.

It was established in 1988 by WMO (World meteorological Organization) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). Many organizations of world take the reports of IPCC as reliable. In fact, IPCC play a key role in United nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC).
IPCC had published 6 assessment reports as of now.

1st Assessment report in 1990 (supplementary report in 1992). 2nd Assessment report in 1995.

3rd Assessment report in 2001. 4th assessment report in 2007. 5th Assessment report in 2014.7
In the first report of IPCC, the report gave the statement of the importance and value of the climate change in this era also a challenge with global consequences.

The second report mainly focused on it gave the statement and data's regarding scientific and social economic information with respect to climate change & third shows about the increasing warming in the earth. This report which came in 2007 gave the statement regarding technological scientific and Socio-economic statistics data.

The last report suggested to adopt a future climate change reduction vulnerability and exposure of present climate.

Forests:

Forests are the main part of our life which provides us life ultimately by providing oxygen. More forest more feasible life for us. On the other hand, we can also say that the situation of forest is not into our hand as the people are depleting it by Deforestation and shifting cultivation processes.
In India when we talk about east that's they have lost their at least 15.83 percent of green forests.

The most recent report is by a team of scientists from Ashoka Trust for analysis in Ecology and also the atmosphere (ATREE), Bengaluru; Manipal Academy of upper Education, Manipal; and Indian Institute of Science Education and analysis, Kolkata. They analysed forest transitions within the two,206 sq. kilometer patch of the Teesta area within the jap chain.

This space could be a diverseness hotspot and there's inadequate data of things driving loss of diverseness and system functions within the area. The team used a mix of Landsat satellite information over a 23-year amount and an intensive set of ground measurements of vegetation varieties and land use patterns.

The scientists found 16% primary forest loss at heights of 2200 to 2,800 metres, largely comprising oaks and beeches. an excellent bigger forest loss of just about a 3rd, 30 percent, was found at lower heights of 800 to ,2200 metres largely of heat deciduous forest. Their findings, printed within the March 2018 issue of Applied geographics, say "forest transition from primary to secondary forest was mostly driven by land use for agroforestry and development."8

"Tropical elevation forests still decline within the Sikkim Himalaya, notably at lower elevations. geographics factors verify land use selections by native communities," the report concludes.

"Our analysis highlights that in a very landscape like Sikkim with extremely advanced parcel of land, factors like elevation and slope influence people's call regarding land use," lead author and ATREE soul Radhika Kanade aforesaid. "We found that natural forest within the lower elevations and a lot of accessible area unitas of Sikkim are being changed and born-again to alternative land use systems since the past 2 decades."

Her report intercalary to 2 previous reports in Ecological Indicators, one on in-depth forest loss across all forest varieties in Asian nation and also the second on forest loss in India's jap Ghats, together with rare, vulnerable and vulnerable species. Scientists at the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, studied the patterns of declining inexperienced forests across Asian nation from 2001 to 2014, exploitation usin modis satellite information, measured decline within the core forest areas and known hotspots of forest loss in massive protected forest areas.

In India, five north-eastern states:  Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Manipur � were responsible for over 50% of all tree cover loss in the same period, data analysed by WRI's Global Forest Watch shows. The loss of tree cover contributed to 172 MT of carbon emissions in India during this period, according to the study.

The analysis reveals the total tree cover which used to be 12% of the country's geographical area in 2000 reduced to 8.9% in 2010. The Global Forest Watch uses a dataset collated by the University of Maryland, Google, US Geological Survey, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), besides satellite images, to map tree cover (at 30 metre resolution) globally for the years 2000 and 2010. The dataset defines all vegetation taller than the dataset defines all vegetation taller than 5 metres in height to be tree cover.

Deforestation and woodland debasement proceed to require put at disturbing rates, which contributes altogether to the progressing misfortune of biodiversity. Since 1990, it is assessed that 420 million hectares of woodland have been misplaced through transformation to other arrive employments, in spite of the fact that the rate of deforestation has diminished over the past three decades. Between 2015 and 2020, the rate of deforestation was assessed at 10 million hectares per year, down from 16 million hectares per year within the 1990s.

The range of essential woodland around the world has diminished by over 80 million hectares since 1990. Agricultural development proceeds to be the most driver of deforestation and timberland debasement and the related misfortune of woodland biodiversity. Large-scale commercial horticulture (fundamentally cattle farming and development of soya bean and oil palm) accounted for 40 percent of tropical deforestation between 2000 and 2010, and nearby.10

Temperature Rise Over India:

India's normal temperature has risen by around 0.7-C amid 1901-2018. This rise in temperature is generally on account of GHG-induced warming, mostly counterbalanced by driving due to anthropogenic pressurized canned products and changes in LULC. By the conclusion of the twenty-first century, normal temperature over India is anticipated to rise by around 4.4-C relative to the later past (1976-2005 normal), beneath the RCP8.5 situation (see Box 1).

In the later 30-year period (1986-2015), temperatures of the hottest day and the coldest night of the year have risen by around 0.63-C and 0.4-C, respectively. By the conclusion of the twenty-first century, these temperatures are anticipated to rise by around 4.7-C and 5.5-C, separately, relative to the comparing temperatures within the later past (1976-2005 normal), beneath the RCP8.5 situation.

The Indian government has as of late discharged its most recent national timberland cover report which claims a minimal increment within the country's add up to woodland and tree cover. It, be that as it may, uncovers that the biodiversity-rich timberlands of its north- eastern locale are reliably recording a misfortune of timberland cover since 2009.

However, the claim of an increment in timberland cover, which was celebrated by the government, was debated by division specialists as they highlighted errors within the technique noticing that the report is tallying manors on the street, elastic, coffee or tea manors and indeed patches of trees as woodland cover. The report evaluated that in less than 10 a long time, 45-64 percent of India's timberland cover will be covered under climate alter hotspots and by 2050 it'll expand to the complete Indian woodland cover.

Conclusion:
Weights on the environment will proceed to extend. Worldwide populace increment, rising livelihoods, and rural and mechanical development will definitely create unforeseen and possibly pernicious environmental, financial, and human wellbeing results. Natural inquire about has demonstrated its value in making a difference to reply to and avoid numerous natural issues, and it proceeds to be a shrewd and necessary investment.

The charge to this committee was to supply an outline of noteworthy developing natural issues; distinguish and prioritize inquire about subjects and ventures that are most important to understanding and settling these issues; and consider the part of EPA's inquire about program, these issues, within the setting of investigate being conducted or supported by other organizations.

After cautious consideration, the committee chosen not to essentially display a constrained list of "developing" issues with particular inquire about ventures to address them. Such a work out would give an unimportant preview in time, based on the experiences of one specific collection of people. Instead and ideally more valuably this report gives a diagram of vital natural issues and presents a system for organizing natural investigate.

The report too portrays major investigate topics and programs of pertinence to EPA; proposes criteria that can be utilized to distinguish and prioritize among critical inquire about regions; prescribes activities EPA ought to take to construct its logical capacity; and gives outlines of the sorts of investigate ventures that EPA ought to consider. by other organizations. Expansion to people and administrative bodies, affiliations and learned social orders have taken up the cause and distributed registries and handbooks around natural instruction.

References:

• Forest cover in NE states reduced by 1,020 sq. km in last 2 years: Report - https://www.livemint.com/news/i...
• India boosts forest cover, but NE states report loss - Mint - https://www.hindustantimes.com/f...
• Forest cover in north-eastern states decrease, says government report  - https://india.mongabay.com/2020/01/indias-forest-cover-is-rising-but-northeast-and-tribals-lose/
• Forest Cover: Northeast India Witnessed Deforestation Of 1,020 https://www.northeasttoday.in/fore...
• Explained: Takeaways from Forest Report - The Indian Express https://indianexpress.com/explained
• Takeaways from Forest Report - The Indian Express https://science.thewire.in/politics/government/india-2021-state-of-forest-report-flawed-methods-unverifiable-data-climate-commitments/
• Five Northeast States With Highest Percentage of Forest Cover https://thelogicalindian.com/amp/trending/five-northeast-states-highest-percentage-of-forest-cover-33256