Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems, networks, and electronic devices from theft, damage, or unauthorized access. With the increasing dependence on technology in today's world, cyber threats have become a significant concern for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. Cybersecurity aims to reduce the risk of cyber attacks, which can include data breaches, phishing scams, ransomware, and other malicious activities.

Effective cybersecurity involves the implementation of various measures such as encryption, firewalls, access controls, and regular software updates to mitigate the risk of cyber attacks. The field of cybersecurity is constantly evolving as new threats and vulnerabilities are discovered, and it plays a critical role in protecting individuals, organizations, and society as a whole from the devastating effects of cybercrime.

Introduction
Cyber security is the application of protecting the computers, mobile devices, servers, networks, electronic systems and data from cyber attacks. We can also call it as information technology security or electronic information security. The term basically applies in the variety of contexts, from business to mobile computing, and further can be divided into a few common categories like- application security, network security, operational security, disaster recovery and business continuity ( in it organization restores its operations and information to return to the same operating capacity as before the event), etc.

The fear for global cyber threat continues to evolve at a rapid phase, with a rising in the number of data breaches per year. In the U.S, the National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) has created a cyber- security framework. In Australia, the Australia Cyber Security Center (ACSC) regularly publishes the guidance on how the organizations can counter the latest cyber- security threats.

Cyber security is the very important because an individual to our government and the members of every field including military, financial, medical organizations, corporate sectors etc. Store unprecedented amounts of data in computers and in other devices. Every particular portion of that data can be a sensitive information for which an unauthorized access or exposure of that data could have negative consequences. In it cyber security plays a vital role by protecting the data and the system by the attackers.

Cybercrime, cyber-attack and cyber terrorism is the main threefold threats to countered by cyber- crime. For this there are some common methods which is used to threaten the cyber- security like- Malware, Virus, Trojans, Spyware, Ransomware, Adware, Botnets, SQL injection, Phishing, Man-in-the-middle attack, Denial-of-service attack etc.

Here are some tips to how can businesses and individuals protect themselves against cyber attacks(cyber safety tips)- Update your software and operating system . We should use anti- virus software or keep software updated for the best level of protection. We should use strong passwords to protect our system, privacy, application etc. Do not open email attachments from unknown senders. Do not click on links in emails from unknown senders or unfamiliar websites. Avoid using unsecure Wi-Fi networks in public places.

In today's time implementing an effective cyber security measures is particularly a very challenging task because there are more devices and technology then people, and attackers are becoming the more innovative with the technology.

How cyber security affects people

Cyber security affects people in numerous ways, both directly and indirectly. Here are a few examples:

1. Personal information protection:
   Cyber security is critical for protecting personal information such as social security numbers, financial data, and other sensitive information from theft and misuse. Failure to adequately protect this information can result in identity theft, financial loss, and other harmful consequences.
    
2. Business continuity:
   Cyber security is essential for ensuring that businesses can continue to operate and deliver goods and services to customers in the event of a cyber attack. A successful attack can result in significant financial losses and damage to a company's reputation.
    
3. Public safety:
   Cybersecurity is important for maintaining public safety, as cyber attacks on critical infrastructure such as power grids, transportation systems, and healthcare facilities can have severe consequences for people's health and wellbeing.
    
4. National security:
   Cybersecurity is critical for protecting national security interests, as cyber attacks can be used to steal sensitive government information, compromise defense systems, and disrupt critical infrastructure.
    
5. Cyberbullying and online harassment:
   Cybersecurity also plays a role in protecting individuals from cyberbullying, online harassment, and other forms of digital abuse that can have a significant impact on mental health and wellbeing.

Overall, cyber security has a significant impact on people's lives, and it is critical for individuals, organizations, and governments to take steps to protect themselves from cyber threats.

Steps for Cyber Security

There are several important steps that individuals and organizations can take to improve their cyber security posture. Here are some key measures:

1. Use strong passwords:
   Create unique and complex passwords for each account and change them regularly. Consider using a password manager to securely store and generate passwords.
    
2. Implement two-factor authentication:
   Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security to your accounts by requiring a second form of authentication, such as a code sent to your phone, in addition to your password.
    
3. Keep software up to date:
   Regularly update all software, including operating systems, applications, and firmware, to patch known vulnerabilities.
    
4. Use antivirus software:
   Install and regularly update reputable antivirus software to protect against malware and other threats.
    
5. Limit access to sensitive information:
   Restrict access to sensitive data and systems to authorized personnel only, and regularly review access privileges.
    
6. Educate users:
   Train employees and other users to recognize and avoid common cyber threats, such as phishing scams, and to follow good security practices.
    
7. Use encryption:
   Use encryption for sensitive data both in transit and at rest to prevent unauthorized access.
    
8. Backup data:
   Regularly back up important data to a secure location to ensure that it can be restored in the event of a cyber attack or other disaster.

By following these and other cyber security best practices, individuals and organizations can significantly reduce their risk of cyber attacks and protect themselves against potential threats.

Case Law:
There are countless cases that illustrate the importance of cyber security, as well as the potential consequences of inadequate protection.

Here are a few notable examples:

1. Equifax data breach:
   In 2017, Equifax, one of the largest credit reporting agencies in the United States, suffered a massive data breach that exposed sensitive information such as social security numbers and dates of birth for approximately 143 million individuals. The breach was a result of a vulnerability in the company's web application framework, which hackers exploited to gain access to the data.
    
2. WannaCry Ransomware attack:
   In May 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack affected more than 200,000 computers across 150 countries. The attack exploited a vulnerability in Microsoft Windows and encrypted users' data, demanding a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.
    
3. Target data breach:
   In 2013, the retail giant Target suffered a data breach that compromised the credit and debit card information of approximately 40 million customers. The breach was a result of a vulnerability in the company's payment system, which hackers exploited to gain access to the data.
    
4. SolarWinds supply chain attack:
   In December 2020, it was discovered that SolarWinds, a software provider for government agencies and Fortune 500 companies, had been the victim of a sophisticated cyber attack that compromised its software updates. The attackers were able to insert malicious code into the updates, which allowed them to gain access to the networks of numerous SolarWinds customers.

These cases demonstrate the severity and widespread impact of cyber attacks, highlighting the critical need for effective cyber security measures.

Conclusion For Cyber Security:

In conclusion, cyber security is a crucial area of concern for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. With the growing reliance on technology and the increasing sophistication of cyber threats, it is essential to implement effective cyber security measures to protect against data breaches, malware, phishing scams, and other malicious activities.

Cyber security involves a range of practices and technologies, including strong passwords, two-factor authentication, antivirus software, encryption, and regular software updates, among others. By taking steps to improve their cyber security posture, individuals and organizations can reduce the risk of cyber attacks and protect themselves against potential harm. As the threat landscape continues to evolve, it is important to remain vigilant and stay up to date on the latest cyber security best practices to stay protected.