| Aspect | India | International Practices |
| Training Emphasis | Basic interpersonal and verbal communication taught in most police academies | Advanced scenario-based training including psychological simulations and Crisis Intervention Training (CIT) |
| Standard Protocols | De-escalation practices not consistently codified in official law enforcement manuals | Clearly codified de-escalation strategies, duty-to-intervene policies, and use-of-force continuum |
| Mental Health Integration | Limited integration; mental health cases often handled solely by law enforcement. | Dedicated Crisis Intervention Teams (CITs) co-deployed with mental health professionals |
| Body-Worn Cameras | Emerging adoption; not uniformly implemented across all states | Widely deployed; footage regularly used for accountability and training evaluation |
| Community Engagement | Sporadic outreach; varies greatly by region and department | Institutionalized “community policing” models focused on trust-building and proactive communication |
| Use-of-Force Metrics | Inconsistent data collection and limited public transparency | Regular training on cultural competence, implicit bias, and multilingual communication; robust public reporting systems |
| Cultural Sensitivity & Language | Multilingual contexts pose challenges for real-time communication. | Training includes cultural competency, bias recognition, and multilingual readiness. |
| Legal Framework | BNS and BNSS lack explicit de-escalation mandates. | Regulatory frameworks include explicit civil rights protections and oversight bodies. |
| Technology & Non- lethal Tools | Limited deployment of tasers, bean bag rounds, and drones. | Diverse non-lethal arsenal used in controlled settings; supported by research. |
| Public Awareness Campaigns | Sporadic campaigns; often reactive post-crisis. | Proactive education on rights, procedures, and police responsibilities. |
| Policy Framework | Lacks uniform national policy; guidelines vary by state; often reactive | Comprehensive and codified; includes duty-to-intervene, use-of-force continuum |
| Data & Accountability | Inconsistent collection and limited public access to use-of-force data | Systematic data collection, public reporting, and regular policy audits |
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Comparison of De-Escalation Tactics Used by Police in India and Internationally
A comparative overview of policing standards, protocols, and reforms in India and international jurisdictions.
Md. Imran Wahab
Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety & Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation & Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.
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